| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Ideal crack | 理想裂縫 |
A simplified model of a crack used in elastic-stress analysis. In a stress-free body, the crack has two smooth surfaces that are coincident and join within the body along a smooth curve called the crack front; in two-dimensional representations, the crack front is called the crack tip. 用于彈性應力分析的裂紋簡化模型。在無應力物體中，裂紋有兩個光滑表面，它們在物體內沿稱為裂紋前緣的平滑曲線重合并連接；在二維表示中，裂紋前緣稱為裂紋尖端。 |
| Ideal critical diameter | 理想臨界直徑 |
(DI). Under an ideal quench condition, the bar diameter that has 50% martensite at the center of the bar when the surface is cooled at an infinitely rapid rate (that is, when H = ∞, where H is the quench severity factor). （DI）在理想淬火條件下，當表面以無限快的速度冷卻時（即H=∞, 其中H是淬火嚴重度因子）。 |
| Ideal gas laws | 理想氣體定律 |
The law relating pressure, temperature and volume of an ideal (perfect) gas pV = mRT, where R is the gas constant. The law implies that at constant temperature T, the product of pressure p and volume V is constant (Boyle’s law), and at constant pressure, the volume is proportional to the temperature (Charles’ law). 與理想（完美）氣體的壓力、溫度和體積相關的定律pV=mRT，其中R是氣體常數(shù)。該定律意味著在恒定溫度T下，壓力p和體積V的乘積是恒定的（波義耳定律），而在恒定壓力下，體積與溫度成正比（查爾斯定律）。 |
| Impact | 撞擊 |
Sudden loading of a body or component, as in a vehicle collision or striking by a hammer. 物體或部件的突然加載，如車輛碰撞或錘擊。 |
| Impact energy (Unit J) | 沖擊能量（單位J） |
The amount of energy required to fracture a material, usually measured by means of an Izod test or Charpy test.The type of specimen and test conditions affect the values and therefore should be specified. 1. The sum of the kinetic energies of all the bodies involved at the instant of collision of two or more moving bodies. 2. The energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test. 使材料斷裂所需的能量，通常通過懸臂梁式試驗或夏比試驗測量。試樣類型和試驗條件會影響數(shù)值，因此應加以說明。1.兩個或多個運動物體碰撞瞬間所有物體的動能之和。2.夏比或懸臂沖擊試驗中斷裂試樣所需的能量。 |
| Impact extrusion | 沖擊擠壓 |
The extrusion of separate components of soft metals whose properties permit the action to be performed quickly. 擠壓單獨的軟金屬組件，其特性允許快速執(zhí)行操作。 |
| Impact loads | 沖擊載荷 |
Especially severe shock loads such as those caused by instantaneous arrest of a falling mass, shock meeting of two parts (in a mechanical hammer, for example), or by explosive impact, in which there can be an exceptionally rapid build-up of stress. 特別嚴重的沖擊載荷，例如由下落質量的瞬時停止、兩部分的沖擊碰撞（例如在機械錘中）或爆炸性沖擊引起的沖擊載荷，其中可能會出現(xiàn)異常快速的應力積聚。 |
| Impact strength | 沖擊強度 |
The resiliency or toughness of a solid as measured by impact energy. 用沖擊能量測量的固體的彈性或韌性。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 沖擊強度1.（單位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高應變率條件下導致失效（通過屈服或斷裂）的應力。2.（單位J）有時用于描述在夏比或懸臂梁式?jīng)_擊試驗中使樣品斷裂所需的能量，即使單位不是強度單位。 |
| Impact test | 碰撞測試 |
A test for determining the energy absorbed in fracturing a test piece at high velocity, as distinct from static test. The test may be carried out in tension, bending, or torsion, and the test bar may be notched or unnotched. 測定試件在高速下破裂時吸收的能量的試驗，與靜態(tài)試驗不同。測試可以在拉伸、彎曲或扭轉條件下進行，測試桿可以有缺口或無缺口。 |
| Impact testing | 沖擊測試 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速條件下測定材料的機械性能。通常根據(jù)測試件在被鐘擺撞擊或從已知高度墜落的重物或夾在兩個霍普金森棒之間時的行為來確定。 |
| Impact wrench | 沖擊扳手 |
An air- or electric-powered wrench in which multiple blows from tiny hammers are used to produce output torque to tighten fasteners. A pneumatically-or electrically-powered socket wrench used to tighten or loosen nuts through the application of torque in a rapid series of impulses. 一種氣動或電動扳手，使用小錘子多次敲擊來產(chǎn)生輸出扭矩以擰緊緊固件，用于通過在一系列快速脈沖中施加扭矩來擰緊或松開螺母。 |
| Imperial system | 英制單位體系 |
The units of measurement developed in the UK. Formerly known as the fps system, which is an abbreviation for the ‘foot-pound-second system of units. 英國開發(fā)的計量單位。以前稱為fps系統(tǒng)，是“英尺-磅-秒（foot-pound-second）單位制”的縮寫。 |
| Imperial system of units | 英制單位 |
British imperial system of units) An obsolete system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. Its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). The imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. The many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and British thermal unit for energy. Closely related to the imperial system of units is the US customary system of units. Each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. SI) equivalent. （英帝國單位制）1824年英國度量衡法首次定義的已被淘汰的單位制。其三個基本單位為秒（時間）、碼（長度）和磅（質量）。容量的英制單位是加侖。隨后引入的許多相關單位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方碼、品脫和夸脫，用于液體和干燥容量測量（即體積）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短噸和長噸，以保證重量；磅達表示力；以分鐘和小時表示時間；華氏溫度；英國熱能單位。與帝國單位制密切相關的是美國習慣單位制。現(xiàn)在，每個英制單位在法律上都是以公制（即SI）當量來定義的。 |
| Inch (in) | 英寸（in） |
A non-SI unit of length now defined as 25.4 mm. The conversion to SI is 1 in = 2.54 × 10?2?m. 現(xiàn)在定義為25.4毫米的非SI長度單位。轉換為SI為1in=2.54×10-2m。 |
| Inch-pound force/inch2 | 英寸磅力/英寸2 |
A non-SI unit for the specific work of fracture (fracture toughness). The conversion to SI is 1 in.lbf/in2?= 1.751 268 × 102?J/m2. 用于特定斷裂功（斷裂韌性）的非國際單位制單位。到SI的轉換為1英寸。lbf/in2=1.751268×102J/m2。 |
| Inclusions | 夾雜物 |
Small pieces of nonmetallic impurities trapped within the base metal of. 存在于金屬基體中的小塊非金屬雜質。 |
| Indentation hardness | 壓痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm2) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通過硬度測試確定的材料抗壓痕的能力。壓頭可以是球形或菱形，在規(guī)定的載荷下壓入金屬表面一段時間。（單位Pa或，非國際單位制，kgf/mm2）通過壓頭測量硬度，壓入材料，形成永久壓痕。硬度由載荷除以壓痕的投影（有時是表面）面積得出。塑性理論表明，硬度約為單軸屈服應力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Induction hardening | 感應淬火 |
A surface-hardening process in which only the surface layer of a suitable ferrous workpiece is heated by electromagnetic induction to above the upper critical temperature and immediately quenched. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，只有合適的含鐵工件的表面層通過電磁感應加熱到高于上臨界溫度，并立即淬火。 |
| Induction heating | 感應加熱 |
Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to the varying magnetic field surrounding a coil carrying alternating current. 通過將金屬置于承載交流電的線圈周圍的變化磁場中而引起的電阻和磁滯損耗的組合加熱。 |
| Induction tempering | 感應回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 鋼的回火采用低頻電感應加熱。 |
| Infinite life diagram | 無限疲勞壽命圖 |
A simple plot experimentally derived fatigue-life data, showing the conditions required for infinite life. 一個簡單的曲線圖，實驗得出的疲勞壽命數(shù)據(jù)，顯示了無限壽命所需的條件。 |
| Initial preload | 初始預載 |
The tension created in a single bolt as it is tightened. Will usually be modified by subsequent assembly operations or by in-service loads and conditions. 擰緊單個螺栓時產(chǎn)生的張力。通常會通過后續(xù)的裝配操作或在役負載和條件進行修改。 |
| Initial strain | 初始應變 |
The strain in a specimen immediately upon achieving the given loading conditions in a creep test (before creep occurs). Sometimes referred to as instantaneous strain. 在蠕變試驗中（蠕變發(fā)生之前）達到給定載荷條件后，試樣立即產(chǎn)生的應變。有時稱為瞬時應變。 |
| Initial stress | 初始應力 |
The stress produced by strain in a specimen immediately on achieving the given constant-strain conditions in a stress-relaxation test before stress-relaxation occurs. Sometimes referred to as instantaneous stress. 在應力松弛發(fā)生之前，在應力松弛試驗中達到給定的恒定應變條件時，試樣立即應變所產(chǎn)生的應力。有時稱為瞬時壓力。 |
| Inspection gauge | 檢驗規(guī) |
Any of various gauges used in manufacturing and quality control to check dimensions, finish, etc. 任何用于制造和質量控制的各種量規(guī)，以檢查尺寸、光潔度等。 |
| Intense quenching | 強烈淬火 |
Quenching in which the quenching medium is cooling the part at a rate at least two and a half times faster than still water. 淬火，其中淬火介質以比靜水快至少兩倍半的速度冷卻零件。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 臨界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火處理，包括加熱至并保持在上臨界溫度和下臨界溫度之間的溫度，以獲得部分奧氏體化，然后緩慢冷卻或保持在低于下臨界溫度的溫度。 |
| Intergranular cracking | 沿晶斷裂 |
Cracking or fracturing that occurs between the grains or crystals in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called intercrystalline cracking. 多晶聚集體中的晶粒或晶體之間發(fā)生的開裂或斷裂。也稱為晶間斷裂。 |
| Intergranular fracture | 沿晶破裂 |
Brittle fracture of a metal in which the fracture is between the grains, or crystals, that form the metal. Also called intercrystalline fracture. 金屬的脆性斷裂，斷裂位于形成金屬的晶粒或晶體之間。又稱晶間破裂。 |
| Intermediate annealing | 中間退火 |
Annealing wrought metals at one or more stages during manufacture and before final treatment. 在制造過程中和最終處理之前的一個或多個階段對鍛造金屬進行退火。 |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 國際度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，國際計量局）政府間組織，其任務是為可追溯到國際單位制的單一、一致的計量系統(tǒng)提供基礎。 |
| International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) | 國際實用溫標（IPTS） |
A close approximation to the thermodynamic temperature scale based upon the triple points of hydrogen (13.8 K), neon (24.6 K), oxygen (54.4 K), argon (83.8 K), mercury (234.3 K), and water (273.2 K); the melting point of gallium (302.9 K); and the freezing points of indium (429.7 K), tin (505.1 K), zinc (692.7 K), aluminium (933.5 K), silver (1 234.9 K), gold (1 337.3 K), and copper (1 基于氫（13.8K）、氖（24.6K）、氧（54.4K）、氬（83.8K），汞（234.3K）和水（273.2K）的三相點的熱力學溫度標度的近似值；鎵的熔點（302.9K）；銦（429.7K）、錫（505.1K）、鋅（692.7K），鋁（933.5K）、銀（1234.9K）、金（1337.3K）和銅等。 |
| International System of Units | 國際單位制 |
(SI system of units, Le Système international d’unités) The standard system of units now used almost universally in science and engineering except in the United States. The definitive reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. There are seven base units: metre (symbol m) for length; kilogram (kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred.(kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred. （國際單位制，Le Système international d\\\'unités）目前美國除外，在科學和工程中幾乎是普遍使用的標準單位制。SI的最終參考是國際度量衡局出版的小冊子，通常稱為BIPM SI小冊子。有七個基本單位：米（符號m）表示長度；質量為千克（kg）；物質量的摩爾（mol）；時間為秒；開爾文（K）表示溫度；電流為安培（A）；而坎德拉（cd）表示發(fā)光強度。新的國際單位制定義于2019年5月20日生效，該定義基于自然界的普遍常數(shù)（也稱為基本物理常數(shù)：阿伏伽德羅常數(shù)、玻爾茲曼常數(shù)和普朗克常數(shù)）。這些常數(shù)的值也進行了少量調整。除了基本單位外，還有22個相干導出單位，包括平面角的弧度（rad）、立體角的斯特拉迪安（sr）、頻率的赫茲（Hz）、力的牛頓（N）、壓力的帕斯卡（Pa）、能量、功和熱量的焦耳（J）以及功率和輻射通量的瓦特（W）。建議的做法是避免N/mm2、MN/m2等組合。 |
| Interrupted aging | 分段時效 |
Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, and cooling to room temperature after each step. 分為兩個或兩個以上的溫度時效，按順序并在每個步驟后冷卻至室溫。 |
| Interrupted quenching | 間斷淬火 |
A quenching procedure in which the workpiece is removed from the first quench at a temperature substantially higher than that of the quenchant and is then subjected to a second quenching system having a different cooling rate than the first. 在該淬火過程中，工件在顯著高于淬火劑的溫度下從第一次淬火中取出，然后經(jīng)受具有不同于第一次淬火的冷卻速率的第二次淬火系統(tǒng)。 |
| Ion carburizing | 離子滲碳 |
A method of surface hardening in which carbon ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma carburizing or glowdischarge carburizing. 一種表面硬化方法，利用高壓電能將碳離子在真空中擴散到工件中。與等離子滲碳或輝光放電滲碳同義。 |
| Ion nitriding | 離子氮化 |
A method of surface hardening in which nitrogen ions are diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma nitriding or glowdischarge nitriding. 一種表面硬化方法，其中氮離子通過使用高壓電能在真空中擴散到工件中。與等離子體氮化或輝光放電氮化同義。 |
| Isothermal annealing | 等溫退火 |
Austenitizing a ferrous alloy and then cooling to and holding at a temperature at which austenite transforms to a relatively soft ferrite carbide aggregate. 將鐵合金奧氏體化，然后冷卻至奧氏體轉變?yōu)橄鄬浀蔫F素體碳化物集合體的溫度并保持該溫度。 |
| Izod test | 懸臂梁試驗 |
A type of impact test in which a V-notched specimen, mounted vertically, is subjected to a sudden blow delivered by the weight at the end of a pendulum arm. The energy required to break off the free end is a measure of the impact strength or toughness of the material. 一種沖擊試驗，其中垂直安裝的V形切口試樣受到擺臂末端重量的突然沖擊。斷開自由端所需的能量是材料沖擊強度或韌性的量度。 |