| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Half hard | 半硬化回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength about mid-way between that of dead soft and full hard tempers. 非鐵合金和某些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點是抗拉強度介于完全軟回火和完全硬回火之間。 |
| Half nut | 半螺母 |
A mechanism attached to the apron of a lathe and operated by a lever. The lever opens and closes a nut that has been split lengthwise so that the two halves of the nut can be closed upon the lead screw when threads are being cut. Also called Split Nut. 固定在車床裙板上并由杠桿操作的機械裝置，杠桿打開和關閉縱向分開的螺母，以便在切割螺紋時，螺母的兩半可以在絲杠上閉合。也稱為剖分螺母。 |
| Hard temper | 硬化回火 |
Same as full hard temper. 和全硬化回火一樣。 |
| Hardenability | 淬透性 |
Defined as the ability of a ferrous material to acquire hardness after austenitization and quenching. The relative ability of a ferrous alloy to form martensite when quenched from a temperature above the upper critical temperature. Hardenability is commonly measured as the distance below a quenched surface where the metal exhibits a specific hardness (50 HRC, for example) or a specific percentage of martensite in the microstructure. 定義為黑色金屬材料在奧氏體化和淬火后獲得硬度的能力。鐵合金從高于上臨界溫度的溫度淬火時形成馬氏體的相對能力。淬透性通常以淬火表面下方的距離來測量，金屬在淬火表面處表現出特定硬度（例如50HRC）或微觀結構中馬氏體的特定百分比。 |
| Hardening | 硬化 |
Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, precipitation hardening, and quench hardening. 通過適當的處理增加硬度，通常包括加熱和冷卻。適用時，應使用以下更具體的術語：時效硬化、火焰硬化、感應硬化、激光硬化、沉淀硬化和淬火硬化。 |
| Hardness | 硬度 |
A measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured by Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, Knoop hardness test, and the Scleroscope hardness test. The ability of a ductile material to resist permanent deformation. It is a measure of plastic flow properties determined principally by indentation testing, but scratch hardness and rebound hardness are also employed. hardness scales The different measures of hardness given by different tests, such as indentation pressure in the Brinell and in the Vickers hardness tests, and the different Rockwell hardness numbers. 測量材料對表面壓痕或磨損的阻力；可以認為是產生某些特定類型的表面變形所需的應力的函數。硬度沒有絕對刻度，因此為了定量表示硬度，每種類型的試驗都有自己的任意定義硬度等級。壓痕硬度可通過布氏硬度試驗、洛氏硬度試驗，維氏硬度試驗和努氏硬度試驗以及硬化鏡硬度試驗進行測量。延展性材料具有抵抗永久變形的能力，它是主要通過壓痕測試確定的塑性流動性能的量度，也使用劃痕硬度和回彈硬度。硬度標度不同試驗給出的不同硬度測量值，如布氏硬度試驗和維氏硬度試驗中的壓痕壓力，以及不同的洛氏硬度值。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作為距固定參考點（通常距表面）的距離的函數。 |
| Hardness test | 硬度測試 |
1. Any of various tests in which different hard indenters are forced into the surface of a solid under different loads to give permanent impressions, the pressure to cause which being called the hardness. The Brinell test employs a spherical indenter; the Vickers test a square-based pyramid. The relation between indentation hardness H and uniaxial yield stress Y is approximately H = (2.5 ~ 3.0)Y. Originally hardnesses were given in kg/mm2 but now are often given in Pa. 2. The tests for scratch and file hardness relate either to one material being able to mark another (Mohs hardness scale for minerals), or to the size of groove produced by a rigid indenter slid under load across a surface. 3. Rebound hardness concerns the height of rebound of a dropped indenter, or an indenter at the end of a pivoted arm, having struck a surface. 1.任何一種試驗，其中不同的硬壓頭在不同載荷下壓入固體表面，以產生永久壓痕，所產生的壓力稱為硬度。布氏試驗采用球形壓頭；維氏硬度測試是一個方形金字塔。壓痕硬度H與單軸屈服應力Y之間的關系約為H=（2.5~3.0）Y。最初硬度以kg/mm2為單位，但現在通常在Pa.2中給出。劃痕和銼刀硬度測試要么與一種材料能夠標記另一種材料（礦物的莫氏硬度標度）有關，要么與剛性壓頭在表面上滑動產生的凹槽大小有關。3.回彈硬度涉及掉落壓頭或旋轉臂端部壓頭撞擊表面后的回彈高度。 |
| Head height | 頭部高度 |
The head height shall be that overall distance measured parallel to the axis of the product from the top of the head to the bearing surface and shall include the thickness of the washer face. Raised grade and manufacturer’s identification are excluded from head height. 頭部高度應為平行于產品軸線從封頭頂部到支承面測量的總距離，并應包括墊圈表面的厚度。提升等級和制造商標識不包括在頭部高度中。 |
| Heat (q, Q) (Unit J) | 熱量（q, Q）（單位J） |
A form of energy that is transferred across the boundary of a system at one temperature to another system (or the surroundings) at a different temperature by virtue of the temperature difference between them. Heat can be identified only as it crosses the boundary. A body can never be said to contain heat which is thus a transient phenomenon. 一種能量形式，由于它們之間的溫差在一個溫度下通過系統邊界傳遞到另一個溫度不同的系統（或環境）。只有當熱量穿過邊界時才能識別。一個物體不能說永遠含有熱量，這是一種瞬態現象。 |
| Heat balance (heat budget) | 熱平衡（熱預算） |
An energy balance involving only heat transfer across the system boundary and the stored energy. 僅涉及跨系統邊界的熱傳遞和存儲能量的能量平衡。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 熱容量（C）（單位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不發生相變的情況下將物體的溫度提高1K所需的能量。熱容量是一種廣泛的熱力學性質，取決于溫度和壓力。 |
| Heat tinting | 熱著色 |
Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of the microstructure. 通過加熱氧化使金屬表面著色，以揭示微觀結構的細節。 |
| Heat treatment | 熱處理 |
(heat treating) Alteration of the mechanical properties of materials, particularly metals, by different sequences of heating, holding at temperature, and cooling at different rates. Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition. （熱處理）材料，特別是金屬的機械性能的改變，通過不同的加熱順序、溫度保持和不同速率的冷卻。加熱和冷卻固體金屬或合金，以獲得所需的條件或性能。僅用于熱加工的加熱不屬于本定義的含義。 |
| Heat-capacity rate (c) (Unit W/K) | 熱容率（c）（單位W/K） |
For fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ?, the product ?C where C is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (CP) in the case of a gas. 對于質量流量為?的管道中的流體流動，乘積?C其中C是比熱容，在氣體的情況下為恒定壓力（CP）。 |
| Heat-capacity ratio (c*) | 熱容量比（c*） |
A non-dimensional parameter that arises in the analysis of heat exchangers, defined as the ratio cMIN/cMAX?where cMIN?is the heat-capacity rate c for the fluid with the smaller value of c and cMAX?the value for the fluid with the larger value of c. Different flow rates and specific-heat values give rise to different values for c. 熱交換器分析中出現的無量綱參數，定義為比率cMIN/cMAX其中cMIN是流體的熱容率c，c值較小，cMAX是流體的值具有較大的c值。不同的流速和比熱值產生不同的c值。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可熱處理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一種可以通過熱處理硬化的合金。 |
| Helical spring | 螺旋彈簧 |
A spring manufactured by forming elastic wire into a helix which may be cylindrical, conical, barrel-shaped, or hourglass in overall form. Closed-coiled springs are used in tension; open-coiled in both tension and compression. 一種彈簧，通過將彈性線材制成螺旋形而制成，螺旋形的整體形狀可以是圓柱形、圓錐形、桶形或沙漏形。拉力采用閉合盤簧；在拉伸和壓縮中都開卷。 |
| Hexagon nut | 六角螺母 |
A nut having six sides and shaped like a hexagon. 六邊形的螺母。 |
| High strength low alloy steels | 高強度低合金鋼 |
(HSLA steels) Steels with various micro-alloying elements such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and vanadium in small quantities that give improved strength (as high as 900 MPa) and corrosion properties compared with plain carbon steels. Improvements are due to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, better control of the chemistry during steel making, and accurate rolling temperatures. （HSLA鋼）是含有各種微合金元素的鋼，如少量的銅、鎳、鉻、鉬、鈮、鈦和釩，與普通碳鋼相比，具有更好的強度（高達900MPa）和腐蝕性能。這些改進歸功于晶粒細化和沉淀硬化、煉鋼過程中更好的化學控制以及精確的軋制溫度。 |
| High-tensile bolt | 高強度螺栓 |
(high-tension bolt) A bolt manufactured from an alloy steel that has a high tensile strength of about 1 GPa. （高壓螺栓）由合金鋼制成的螺栓，具有約1GPa的高抗拉強度。 |
| Homogeneous carburizing | 均勻滲碳 |
Use of a carburizing process to convert a low-carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher carbon content throughout the section. 使用滲碳工藝將低碳鐵合金轉化為整個截面中碳含量均勻且較高的合金。 |
| Homogenizing | 均質化 |
Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. 保持高溫以消除或減少擴散引起的化學偏析。 |
| Honing | 珩磨 |
Honing is a controlled, low-speed sizing and surface-finishing process in which stock is removed by the shearing action to the bonded abrasive grains of a honing stone, or stick. Finish polishing of surfaces and cutting edges in which very fine abrasive powders, such as rouge, are employed. Honing is usually applied to cylindrical surfaces and lapping to flat, but the usage is not consistent. 珩磨是一種受控的低速尺寸和表面精加工工藝，其中通過對珩磨石或棒的粘結磨粒的剪切作用去除原料。表面和切削刃的精拋光，其中使用了非常細的研磨粉，例如胭脂。珩磨通常用于圓柱面，研磨至平面，但用法并不一致。 |
| Hooke’s law | 胡克定律 |
Within the limit of proportionality, the extension of a material is proportional to the applied force. Approximately, it is the relationship between stress and strain in an elastic material when it is stretched. The law states that the stress (force per unit area) is proportional to the strain (a change in dimensions). The law, which holds only approximately and over a limited range, was discovered in 1676 by Robert Hooke. 在比例極限內，材料的延伸與所施加的力成比例。近似地說，它是彈性材料拉伸時應力和應變之間的關系。該定律指出，應力（單位面積的力）與應變（尺寸變化）成比例。該定律僅適用于有限的范圍，由羅伯特·胡克于1676年發現。 |
| Horizontal batch furnace | 臥式間歇爐 |
A versatile batch-type furnace that can give light or deep case depths, and because the parts are not exposed to air, horizontal batch furnaces can give surfaces almost entirely free of oxides. 一種多功能間歇式爐，可以提供淺或深的外殼深度，并且由于零件不暴露在空氣中，臥式間歇式爐可以使表面幾乎完全沒有氧化物。 |
| Horsepower | 馬力 |
Unit indicating the rate at which work is done. The electrical equivalent of one horsepower is 746 watts. 單位表示完成工作的速率。一馬力的電當量為746瓦。 |
| Hoseclip | 軟管夾 |
(hose clamp) A circular metal band, one end of which has a screw mechanism through which passes the other end such that the screw engages with indentations in the band, allowing the clip to be tightened or loosened. Used to hold a hose on to a pipe such as a water outlet. （軟管夾）一種圓形金屬帶，其一端有一個螺釘組織，另一端穿過該螺釘組織，使螺釘與帶子上的凹口嚙合，從而可以擰緊或松開夾子。用于將軟管固定在管道上，例如出水口。 |
| Hot dipping | 熱浸 |
(hot-dip galvanizing) A process of coating an iron, steel, or aluminium object with a thin layer of zinc by passing it through a bath of molten zinc at a temperature of about 460°C. （熱浸鍍鋅）通過使鐵、鋼或鋁物體通過溫度約為460°C的熔融鋅浴，在鐵、鋼或鋁物體上鍍上一層薄薄的鋅層的工藝。 |
| Hot hardness | 熱硬度 |
?The hardness of materials at high temperatures, often used to rank the performance of cutting tools. 材料在高溫下的硬度，常用來對刀具的性能進行排名。 |
| Hot isostatic pressing | 熱等靜壓 |
Sintering of powdered materials at high temperature and high hydrostatic pressure in order to minimize porosity. 在高溫和高靜水壓力下燒結粉末材料，以盡量減少孔隙率。 |
| Hot pressing | 熱壓 |
1. Sintering of metal or ceramic powder at high temperature. 2. Formation of components from fibre-reinforced composite material in which bonding is ensured through application of pressure and temperature, often against a mould to give the required shape. 1、金屬或陶瓷粉末的高溫燒結。2. 由纖維增強復合材料形成部件，其中通過施加壓力和溫度來確保粘合，通常靠在模具上以形成所需的形狀。 |
| Hot quenching | 熱淬火 |
An imprecise term used to cover a variety of quenching procedures in which a quenching medium is maintained at a prescribed temperature above 70 °C (160 °F) 一個不精確的術語，用于涵蓋各種淬火程序，其中淬火介質規定溫度保持在70°C（160°F）以上。 |
| Hot shortness | 熱脆性 |
The reduction of ductility in steels at high temperatures caused by melting of sulfides that wet grain boundaries and spread along them. 高溫下鋼的延展性降低，這是由于硫化物的熔化潤濕晶界并沿晶界擴散而引起的。 |
| Hot stamping | 熱沖壓 |
Hot forging of brass and bronze alloys. 黃銅和青銅合金的熱鍛。 |
| Hot strength (Unit Pa) | 熱強度（單位Pa） |
The yield stress (or sometimes fracture stress) of a material at temperatures above about half its melting point in kelvins. 材料在高于其熔點一半（以開爾文為單位）的溫度下的屈服應力（有時為斷裂應力）。 |
| Hot working | 熱加工 |
Plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling, drawing, forging, etc., at a temperature above its recrystallization temperature (in commercial alloys above about 40% of their melting points in kelvins) which results in permanent shape change but no increase in strength or loss of ductility. 金屬通過軋制、拉拔、鍛造等在高于其再結晶溫度（在商業合金中高于其熔點的40%的開爾文）的溫度下發生塑性變形，導致永久的形狀變化，但不會增加強度或失去延展性。 |
| Hot-wire analyzer | 熱電阻絲型分析儀 |
An electrical atmosphere analysis device that is based on the fact that the electrical resistivity of steel is a linear function of carbon content over a range from 0.05% C to saturation. The device measures the carbon potential of furnace atmospheres (typically). This term is not to be confused with the hot-wire test which measures heat extraction rates. 一種基于以下事實的電氣氛分析設備：鋼的電阻率是從0.05%C到飽和范圍內的碳含量的線性函數。該設備測量爐內氣氛的碳勢（通常）。不要將此術語與測量熱提取率的熱線測試相混淆。 |
| Hot-wire test | 熱線測試 |
Method used to test heat extraction rates of various quenchants. Faster heat-extracting quenchants will permit more electric current to pass through a standard wire because it is cooled more quickly. Compare with hot-wire analyzer. 用于測試各種淬火劑的熱提取率的方法。與熱線分析儀相比，更快的熱提取淬火劑將允許更多電流通過標準導線，因為標準導線冷卻更快。 |
| Humidify | 加濕 |
To add water vapour to air or another gas to increase its humidity. 將水蒸氣添加到空氣或其他氣體中以增加其濕度。 |
| Hydraulic air compressor | 液壓空氣壓縮機 |
1. A compressor powered by a hydraulic motor. 2. A device in which air is compressed as a result of being entrained in water flowing in a downcomer pipe. The compressed air is released in a chamber at the bottom of the pipe. 1. 由液壓馬達驅動的壓縮機。2.一種裝置，其中空氣由于夾帶在降液管中流動的水中而被壓縮。壓縮空氣在管道底部的腔室中釋放。 |
| Hydraulics | 液壓系統 |
The study of water flow in open channels (including canals, rivers, etc.), water-supply, drainage, and irrigation systems. 研究明渠（包括運河、河流等）、供水、排水和灌溉系統中的水流。 |
| Hydrodynamics | 流體力學 |
A term sometimes used to mean fluid dynamics, even when the fluid is a gas or a liquid other than water. 有時用于表示流體動力學的術語，即使流體是氣體或水以外的液體。 |
| Hydrogen damage | 氫損傷 |
A general term for the embrittlement, cracking, blistering, and hydride formation that can occur when hydrogen is present in some metals. 當氫存在于某些金屬中時可能發生的脆化、開裂、起泡和氫化物形成的總稱。 |
| Hydrogen embrittlement | 氫脆 |
A condition of low toughness, low ductility or cracking in metals resulting from the absorption of hydrogen. A common and troublesome form of Stress cracking. Several theories have been proposed to explain hydrogen embrittlement, but, at present, the exact mechanism is still unknown. What is known, however, is the fact that if hydrogen is trapped in a bolt by poor electroplating practices, it can encourage stress cracking. Bolts can fail, suddenly and unexpectedly, under normal loads. Premature crack growth over time under tensile stress leading to unexpected failure in certain metals, caused by small amounts of hydrogen in the microstructure. Hydrogen may enter steels during melting or heat treating, or during processes such as electroplating. 因吸收氫而導致金屬韌性低、延展性低或開裂的情況，是一種常見且麻煩的應力開裂形式。在拉伸應力下，裂紋隨時間過早擴展，導致某些金屬發生意外失效，這是由微觀結構中的少量氫引起的。在熔化或熱處理過程中，或在電鍍等過程中，氫可能進入鋼中。已經提出了幾種理論來解釋氫脆，但目前，確切的機理仍然未知。已知的事實是，如果氫因電鍍不當而被困在螺栓中，則會導致應力開裂。在正常載荷下，螺栓可能突然意外失效。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氫致延遲開裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有時用于識別一種氫脆形式的術語，其中金屬在小于屈服應力的穩定應力下似乎會自發斷裂。在施加應力（或將受應力金屬暴露于氫）與開裂開始之間通常存在延遲。也稱為靜態疲勞。 |
| Hypereutectic alloy | 過共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈現共晶的合金系統中，任何合金，其組成與共晶組成相比具有過量的合金元素，并且其平衡微觀結構包含一些共晶結構。 |
| Hypereutectoid alloy | 過共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈現共晶的合金系統中，合金成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微觀結構包含一些共晶結構。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亞共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈現共晶的合金系統中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微觀結構包含一些共晶結構。 |
| Hypoeutectoid alloy | 亞共析合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectoid composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid structure. 在呈現共析的合金系統中，與共析成分相比，其成分具有過量母材的任何合金，并且其平衡微觀結構包含一些共析結構。 |
| Hysteresis | 滯后 |
The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading when a material is subjected to repeated loading. 當材料經受重復加載時，在任何加載或卸載循環期間發生的永久吸收或損失能量的現象。 |