| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Radiosity (J) (Unit W/m2) | 輻射度（J）（單位W/m2） |
The total radiation leaving a given surface per unit area, including emitted, reflected, and transmitted radiation. 每單位面積離開給定表面的總輻射，包括發射、反射和透射輻射。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切線模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何規定的應力或應變下，應力-應變曲線的斜率。另見彈性模量。 |
| Slack quenching | 欠速淬火 |
The incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite. 由于從奧氏體化溫度以低于特定鋼臨界冷卻速度的速度淬火而導致鋼的不完全硬化，導致除馬氏體外還形成一種或多種相變產物。 |
| Tap | 旋塞 |
1. A threaded hard metal plug for cutting screw threads in holes. It has longitudinal grooves for the clearance of chips while cutting. Progressive cutting is achieved by using three taps in succession: taper, second, and plug. First and second taps have tapers to help start the thread along the axis of the hole; the plug tap has no taper and is used on the final cut in a blind hole. 2. A valve in, or at the end of, a pipeline. 1.一種用于在孔中切割螺紋的螺紋硬金屬塞。它具有縱向凹槽，用于在切割時清除切屑。漸進式切割通過連續使用三個絲錐實現：錐度、二次和塞。第一和第二絲錐具有錐度，以幫助沿孔的軸線開始螺紋；塞式絲錐沒有錐度，用于盲孔的最終切割。2.管道中或管道末端的閥門。 |
| Air-cooled condenser | 風冷冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger, in which the cooling medium is air, used to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine, the condensate being returned to the boiler. 一種熱交換器，其中冷卻介質為空氣，用于冷凝蒸汽輪機排出的蒸汽，冷凝水返回鍋爐。 |
| Combined heat and power plant | 熱電聯產電廠 |
(CHP plant, COGEN, cogeneration plant, total-energy plant) A plant for the simultaneous production of more than one useful form of energy from the same energy source, such as process heat and electric power. In the arrangement shown, partially expanded steam is extracted from the steam turbine and used to produce process heat. （CHP工廠、COGEN、熱電聯產工廠、總能源工廠）從同一能源（如過程熱能和電力）同時生產一種以上有用能源的工廠。在所示的布置中，部分膨脹的蒸汽從蒸汽輪機中提取并用于產生過程熱量。 |
| Working section | 工作區 |
That part of a wind tunnel in which models are placed for testing, or where detailed measurements are performed. 風洞中放置模型進行測試或進行詳細測量的部分。 |
| Clearance | 間距 |
(Unit m or μm) 1. The distance (if any) between mating components in an assembly. 2. The distance between two moving parts, or a moving part and stationary part, in a machine (e.g. the gap between a piston and a cylinder head). 3. With threads, the major clearance is the distance between the design form at the root of an internal thread and the crest of its mating external thread; the minor clearance is the corresponding dimension between the crest of an internal thread and the root of the external thread. （單位m或μm）1.裝配體中配合組件之間的距離（如果有）。2.機器中兩個運動部件之間的距離，或運動部件和靜止部件之間的距離（例如活塞和氣缸蓋之間的間隙）。3.帶螺紋時，主要間隙是內螺紋根部的設計形狀與其配合的外螺紋牙頂之間的距離；小間隙是內螺紋牙頂和外螺紋牙根之間的對應尺寸。 |
| Combustion deposit | 燃燒沉積物 |
Ash, carbon, and other incombustible solids, often due to impurities in the fuel, that build up on any surfaces exposed to products of combustion. They can lead to corrosion, reduced heat transfer and so higher flue-gas temperatures and reduced efficiency. 灰、碳和其他不燃固體，通常是由于燃料中的雜質，在暴露于燃燒產物的任何表面上堆積。它們會導致腐蝕、傳熱降低，從而導致煙氣溫度升高和效率降低。 |
| Combustion efficiency | 燃燒效率 |
(source efficiency, ηCOMB) A performance measure for combustion equipment defined by ηCOMB?= amount of heat released during combustion/(calorific value of the fuel burned). （源效率，ηCOMB）燃燒設備的性能度量，定義為ηCOMB=燃燒過程中釋放的熱量/（燃燒燃料的熱值）。 |
| Ductile fracture | 韌性斷裂 |
Fracture characterized by tearing of metal accompanied by appreciable gross plastic deformation and expenditure of considerable energy. A fracture of a component or structure which is preceded by extensive ductile deformation so that the broken pieces cannot be re-fitted to regain the original size and shape of the component or structure. 以金屬撕裂為特征的斷裂，伴隨著明顯的總塑性變形和相當大的能量消耗。一種部件或結構的斷裂，在斷裂前會發生大范圍的延性變形，從而使斷裂的碎片無法重新裝配以恢復部件或結構原來的尺寸和形狀。 |
| Slenderness ratio | 長細比 |
The effective unsupported length of a uniform column divided by the least radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area. 均勻柱的有效無支撐長度除以橫截面積的最小回轉半徑。 |
| Cup washer | 杯形墊圈 |
A dished leather or neoprene washer fitted to the rod end in some piston-style pumps. 在某些活塞式泵中，安裝在桿端的碟形皮革或氯丁橡膠墊圈。 |
| Wrap-around bend | 環繞彎曲 |
The bend obtained when a specimen is wrapped in a closed helix around a cylindrical mandrel. This term is sometimes applied to a semiguided bend of 180° or less. 當試樣纏繞在圓柱形心軸周圍的閉合螺旋中時獲得的彎曲。該術語有時適用于180°或更小的半導彎曲。 |
| Combustion chamber | 爐膛 |
1. In a piston engine, the volume between the head of an individual cylinder and the crown of the piston in which the fuel–air mixture burns during each power stroke of the engine. 2. (combustor) In a gas-turbine engine, a ramjet, an afterburner, or a rocket motor, the component, often cylindrical or annular in shape, in which the fuel–air mixture burns in a continuous-flow process. 1.在活塞式發動機中，在發動機的每個動力沖程中，燃料-空氣混合物燃燒的單個氣缸蓋和活塞頂之間的體積。2.（燃燒室）在燃氣渦輪發動機、沖壓發動機、加力燃燒室或火箭發動機中，燃料-空氣混合物在連續流動過程中燃燒的部件，通常為圓柱形或環形。 |
| Compressibility (Unit 1/Pa) | 可壓縮性（單位1/Pa） |
A measure of the reduction in volume or increase in density when a substance is subjected to an increase of pressure. It is defined as the reciprocal of the bulk modulus. Liquids and solids are normally considered incompressible, whereas gases are highly compressible. 當物質受到壓力增加時體積減少或密度增加的量度。它被定義為體積模量的倒數。液體和固體通常被認為是不可壓縮的，而氣體是高度可壓縮的。 |
| Austenitic stainless steels | 奧氏體不銹鋼 |
Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. They contain significant additions of chromium (16–30%), but have the austenite (FCC) crystal structure, stabilized by the addition of nickel in the composition range 6–20%. Carbon content ranges from about 0.03 to 0.15%. The ‘18–8’ stainless steels containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel are typical of the class. Austenitic stainless steels have high strength and corrosion resistance even at elevated temperatures, good ductility, good low-temperature properties, and good weldability. Used for aircraft and transport equipment, cutlery, chemical and food-processing equipment, surgical instruments, and cryogenic vessels. 奧氏體不銹鋼是非磁性的。它們含有顯著添加的鉻（16–30%），但具有奧氏體（FCC）晶體結構，通過在6–20%的成分范圍內添加鎳來穩定。碳含量范圍約為0.03至0.15%。含有大約18%鉻和8%鎳的“18-8”不銹鋼是該級別的典型不銹鋼。奧氏體不銹鋼即使在高溫下也具有高強度和耐腐蝕性，良好的延展性，良好的低溫性能和良好的焊接性。用于飛機和運輸設備、餐具、化學和食品加工設備、手術器械和低溫容器。 |
| Die | 模具 |
1. A tool having an appropriately-shaped hole through which material may be extruded or drawn. 2. A tool employed in forging. 3. A block having the male or female shape employed in stamping operations. 4. A thick circular disc, driven by a die wrench, with internally-threaded cutting edges for producing a screw thread. A die wrench (die stock) holds a screw-cutting die and has two projecting arms for applying the torque necessary to cut the thread. A die having a hexagonal or square shape (die nut), driven by a spanner, is used in confined spaces where a die wrench cannot be rotated through a full circle. 1.一種具有適當形狀的孔的工具，通過該孔可以擠壓或拉伸材料。2.一種用于鍛造的工具。3.一種用于沖壓操作的具有陽或陰形狀的塊體。4.一種由模具扳手驅動的厚圓盤，具有用于產生螺紋的內螺紋切削刃。沖模扳手（沖模）裝有一個螺旋切割模，并有兩個突出臂，用于施加切割螺紋所需的扭矩。由扳手驅動的六邊形或方形模具（模具螺母）用于模具扳手無法旋轉一整圈的受限空間。 |
| Biomedical engineering | 生物醫學工程 |
The application of engineering principles and methodology to the medical field. Examples involving mechanical engineering include the design and construction of artificial limbs and hearts, heart-lung machines, prosthetic eyes, and orthopaedic implants such as hip joints and pins to stabilize fractured bones. 工程原理和方法在醫學領域的應用。涉及機械工程的例子包括假肢和心臟、心肺機、假眼和骨科植入物（如髖關節和用于穩定骨折骨骼的銷釘）的設計和建造。 |
| Rotary piston flow meter | 旋轉活塞流量計 |
A rotary liquid flow meter in which a cylindrical rotor, eccentrically mounted within a cylindrical casing, the axes of the two cylinders being parallel, is caused to rotate by the liquid flow. The flow rate is determined from the number of rotations of the rotor in a given time. 一種旋轉式液體流量計，其中偏心安裝在圓柱形外殼內的圓柱形轉子，兩個圓柱體的軸線平行，由液體流引起旋轉。流量由轉子在給定時間內的轉數確定。 |
| Minor diameter | 螺紋小徑 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder which just touches the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread. 在直螺紋上，僅接觸外螺紋根部或內螺紋頂部的假想圓柱體的直徑。 |
| Combustion | 燃燒氧化 |
An exothermic chemical reaction in which a fuel and an oxidant, typically air, react together to release a significant quantity of thermal energy in the presence of a flame. In the case of fluid fuels, ignition may be from an electric spark or compression of the 一種放熱化學反應，其中燃料和氧化劑（通常是空氣）一起反應，在火焰存在的情況下釋放大量熱能。 |
| Fog quenching | 霧淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在細蒸汽或薄霧中淬火。 |
| Pascal (Pa) | 帕斯卡（Pa） |
The SI unit of pressure, 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. 壓力的國際單位制，1Pa=1N/m2。 |
| Load | 負載 |
For testing machines, a force applied to a test piece that is measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram-force. 對于試驗機，施加在試件上的力，以磅力、牛頓或千克力等單位測量。 |
| System engineering | 系統工程 |
A methodology which integrates all disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation. 一種將所有學科和專業組整合到團隊工作中的方法，形成從概念到生產再到運營的結構化開發過程。 |
| Least count | 最小計數 |
The smallest value that can be read from an instrument having a graduated scale. Except on instruments provided with a vernier, the least count is that fraction of the smallest division which can be conveniently and reliably estimated; this fraction is ordinarily one-fifth or one-tenth, except where the graduations are very closely spaced. 可從具有刻度尺的儀器中讀取的最小值。除配備游標的儀器外，最小計數是可以方便可靠地估計的最小除法的分數；這個分數通常是五分之一或十分之一，除非刻度間隔非常近。 |
| Proof strength? (Unit Pa) | 驗證強度（單位Pa） |
(proof stress, Rp, Rp,) The yield strength (offset yield strength) at some fixed value of the permanent strain given by the intersection of a line offset from, but parallel to, the elastic loading line and the engineering stress-engineering strain curve. The offset is arbitrary but is usually 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5% permanent strain (the proof strain). Used for materials which do not exhibit a sharply defined yield point. The notation Rp0.2?or Rp0.2?is employed for the 0.2% proof stress. （驗證應力，Rp）在永久應變的某個固定值下的屈服強度（偏移屈服強度），由偏離但平行于彈性加載線的線與工程應力-工程應變曲線的交點給出。偏移是任意的，但通常為0.1、0.2或0.5%的永久應變（驗證應變）。用于沒有明確定義屈服點的材料。對于0.2%的驗證應力，采用符號Rp0.2。 |
| Clearance hole | 間隙孔 |
A hole of specified size such that a bolt, stud, etc. of the same nominal size will always pass through. 指定尺寸的孔，使相同標稱尺寸的螺栓、螺柱等可以通過。 |
| Reproducibility | 再現性 |
A term used to describe test-result variability associated with specifically defined components of variance obtained both from within a single laboratory and between laboratories. 一個術語，用于描述與從單個實驗室內和實驗室之間獲得的具體定義的方差分量相關的測試結果可變性。 |
| Curie temperature | 居里溫度 |
The temperature of magnetic transformation below which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is paramagnetic. 磁性轉變溫度，低于此溫度金屬或合金為鐵磁性，高于此溫度則為順磁性。 |
| J-integral | J-積分 |
A mathematical expression describing a line or surface integral that encloses the crack front from one crack surface to the other, used to characterize the fracture toughness of a material having appreciable plasticity before fracture. The J-integral eliminates the need to describe the behavior of the material near the crack tip by considering the local stress-strain field around the crack front; JIc is the critical value of the J-integral required to initiate crack extension from a preexisting crack. 描述從一個裂紋表面到另一個裂紋正面的線或表面積分的數學表達式，用于表征斷裂前具有可觀塑性的材料的斷裂韌性。J積分通過考慮裂紋前緣周圍的局部應力應變場，無需描述裂紋尖端附近材料的行為；JIc是從先前存在的裂紋開始裂紋擴展所需的J積分的臨界值。 |
| Celsius temperature scale | 攝氏溫標 |
(centigrade temperature scale) A relative, non-SI, temperature scale now defined in terms of the Kelvin absolute temperature scale as °C = K ? 273.15, where °C is the symbol for degrees Celsius. The scale was previously called the centigrade scale, with two fixed points: the melting point of ice (the ice point) as 0°C, and the boiling point of water (the steam point) as 100°C. （攝氏度溫度標度）現在以開爾文絕對溫度標度定義的相對非國際溫度標度為°C=K-273.15，其中°C是攝氏度的符號。該刻度以前稱為攝氏度刻度，有兩個固定點：冰的熔點（冰點）為0°C，水的沸點（蒸汽點）為100°C。 |
| Gage length | 標距 |
The original length of the portion of a specimen over which strain, change of length, or other characteristics are determined. 確定應變、長度變化或其他特性的試樣部分的原始長度。 |
| Complete decarburization | 完全脫碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient carbon loss to show only clearly defined ferrite grains under metallographic examination. 脫碳，具有足夠的碳損失，以在金相檢查下僅顯示清晰定義的鐵素體晶粒。 |
| Wire rope | 鋼絲繩 |
A type of cable formed from individual strands of wire with a helical twist. 一種線纜，由具有螺旋扭曲的單獨的線股形成。 |
| Equation, short form | 方程式，簡寫形式 |
An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一個經驗公式，將施加在螺栓上的扭矩與螺栓中產生的預載荷聯系起來，主要取決于一個稱為螺母系數的實驗得出的系數。 |
| Thread form | 螺紋形式 |
The cross-sectional shape of the threads, defining thread angle, root, and crest profiles, etc. Thread length Length of that portion of the fastener which contains threads cut or rolled to full depth. 螺紋的橫截面形狀，定義螺紋角度、齒根和齒冠輪廓等。螺紋長度：緊固件中包含全深度切割或軋制螺紋的部分的長度。 |
| Welding | 焊接 |
In tribology, the bonding between metallic surfaces in direct contact, at any temperature. A joining process in which the mating surfaces are at least softened, or more usually melted, unlike soldering and brazing. In solid-state (non-melting) welding, similar or dissimilar metals or thermoplastics may be joined by applying pressure to hot interfaces. In forge welding, joining is achieved by compression across the join between pre-heated workpieces. In friction welding (spin welding) one of the contacting surfaces is rotated rapidly before being loaded against the other. On contact, heat generated by friction softens the materials and permits severe plastic deformation that seals the joint. In friction stir welding, a wear-resistant tool is rotated rapidly, indents the surfaces and is traversed to form a join line. Resistance welding involves simultaneous pressure and electrically-generated heat, as in spot welding where a heavy electric current is passed for a short time through metal sheets which are pressed together between electrodes. 在摩擦學中，在任何溫度下直接接觸的金屬表面之間的結合。與釬焊和釬焊不同，接合面至少軟化或更通常熔化的接合工藝。在固態（非熔化）焊接中，相似或不同的金屬或熱塑性塑料可通過向熱界面施加壓力來連接。在鍛造焊接中，通過壓縮預熱工件之間的連接來實現連接。在摩擦焊接（旋轉焊接）中，一個接觸表面在被加載到另一個表面之前快速旋轉。接觸時，摩擦產生的熱量使材料軟化，并允許密封接頭的嚴重塑性變形。在攪拌摩擦焊中，耐磨工具快速旋轉，使表面凹陷，并橫穿形成連接線。電阻焊涉及同時產生的壓力和電產生的熱量，如點焊，在點焊中，大電流短時間通過電極之間壓在一起的金屬板。 |
| Atmosphere | 大氣 |
1. (atm) An obsolete (non-SI) unit of pressure equal to 101 325 Pa or 1.013 25 bar and approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) measured at mean sea level. 1.（atm）一種已被淘汰的（非SI）壓力單位，等于101325Pa或1.01325bar，大約等于在平均海平面測量的大氣壓力（大氣壓）。 |
| Shoulder | 軸肩 |
The portion of a shaft, stepped component, or flanged component, where a change in diameter or other dimension occurs. Even for a nominal step change, in practice there will be a radius where shoulder and shaft meet in order to avoid too severe a stress concentration. 軸、階梯部件或法蘭部件的直徑或其他尺寸發生變化的部分。即使是名義階躍變化，在實踐中，肩部和軸相交處也會有一個半徑，以避免出現過嚴重的應力集中。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心載荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一個或多個緊固件上的外部載荷的合力未穿過緊固件組的質心（偏心剪切載荷）或與螺栓軸不重合（偏心拉伸載荷），則稱該外部載荷為偏心。 |
| Dynamic load rating (Unit N) | 額定動載荷（單位N） |
The allowable load on a component or structure when the loading is not static. 當負載不是靜態時，組件或結構上的允許負載。 |
| Lobe | 凸輪 |
The projecting part such as rotor lobe or the cam lobe. 轉子凸角或凸輪凸角等突出部分。 |
| Thumb screw | 蝶形螺釘 |
A type of screw having a winged or knurled head for turning by hand when a quick and light clamping effect is desired. 一種螺釘，具有翼形或滾花頭，當需要快速、輕夾緊效果時，可手動轉動。 |
| Linear (tensile or compressive) strain | 線性（拉伸或壓縮）應變 |
The change per unit length due to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in length is considered positive. 由于原始線性尺寸中的力，每單位長度的變化。長度的增加被認為是正的。 |
| Noble metals | 貴金屬 |
Metallic elements from periods (rows) 5 and 6 of the periodic table, namely ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. They resist corrosion and oxidation and are used for electrical contacts, thin-film circuits, and electroplating. Gold, silver, and platinum used for jewellery are also known as precious metals. They have face-centred cubic crystal structure and good ductility. 周期表第5和第6周期（行）中的金屬元素，即釕、銠、鈀、銀、鋨、銥、鉑和金。它們抗腐蝕和氧化，用于電觸點、薄膜電路和電鍍。用于珠寶的金、銀和鉑也被稱為貴金屬。它們具有面心立方晶體結構和良好的延展性。 |
| Dimensional stability | 尺寸穩定性 |
Ability of a plastic part to retain the precise shape in which it was molded, fabricated, or cast. 塑料零件保持其成型、制造或鑄造時的精確形狀的能力。 |
| Atmometer | 氣壓計 |
(atmidometer, evaporimeter) An instrument that measures the rate of evaporation of water from a surface into the atmosphere. （濕度計，蒸發計）測量水從表面蒸發到大氣中的速率的儀器。 |
| Acoustic separation | 聲學分離 |
?(Unit m) The separation of particles in a fluid using standing acoustic waves, typically ultrasound, to drive them to nodal points (acoustic particle concentration). （單位m）使用駐聲波（通常是超聲波）將流體中的粒子分離，以將它們驅動到節點（聲學粒子濃度）。 |
| Coefficient of friction (μ) | 摩擦系數（μ） |
?(coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of sliding friction, friction coefficient, μ) The ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N between two surfaces in contact, i.e. μ = F/N. Static friction is when there is no relative sliding; kinetic friction when there is. For structural components sliding on one another, the coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force causing the sliding to the force perpendicular to the sliding component surfaces. The coefficient of friction is dimensionless with values between zero and one. The number characterising the force necessary to slide or roll one material along the?€surface of another. If an object has a weight N and the coefficient of friction is μ, then the force F necessary to move it without acceleration along a level surface is F = μN. The coefficient of static friction determines the force necessary to initiate movement; the coefficient of kinetic friction determines the force necessary to maintain movement. Kinetic friction is usually smaller than static friction. （動摩擦系數、滑動摩擦系數、摩擦系數，μ）兩個接觸表面之間摩擦力F與法向力N的比值，即μ=F/N。靜摩擦是指沒有相對滑動時；有摩擦時的動摩擦。對于相互滑動的結構部件，摩擦系數是引起滑動的力與垂直于滑動部件表面的力的比值。摩擦系數是無量綱的，其值介于0和1之間。代表一種材料沿另一種材料的表面滑動或滾動所需的力的數字。如果一個物體的重量為N并且摩擦系數為μ，那么在沒有加速度的情況下沿水平表面移動它所需的力F為F=μN。靜摩擦系數決定了啟動運動所需的力；動摩擦系數決定了保持運動所需的力。動摩擦通常小于靜摩擦。兩個物體之間的力（F）與將這些物體壓在一起的法向力（N）的無量綱比：μ（或f）=（F/N）。 |
| Critical diameter | 臨界直徑 |
(D) Diameter of the bar that can be fully hardened with 50% martensite at its center. （D）中心有50%馬氏體可完全硬化的棒材直徑。 |
| Pressure chamber | 壓力室 |
A chamber in which components or devices can be subjected to high or low fluid (liquid or gas) pressure. 部件或裝置可承受高或低流體（液體或氣體）壓力的腔室。 |
| Vibration-testing machine (vibrator) | 振動試驗機（振動器） |
Any machine that subjects components or systems to vibration at known amplitudes and frequencies in order to determine the response. vibratory equipment Vibrating process equipment, such as shakers, used to separate small and large particles, or feeders to supply particulate or granular material that may otherwise clog. 使部件或系統以已知振幅和頻率振動以確定響應的任何機器。振動設備振動工藝設備，如用于分離小顆粒和大顆粒的振動篩，或用于供應可能堵塞的顆?；蛄畈牧系慕o料機。 |
| Corrosion fatigue | 腐蝕疲勞 |
Cracking produced by the combined action of repeated or fluctuating stress and a corrosive environment at lower stress levels or fewer cycles than would be required in the absence of a corrosive environment. 由重復或波動的應力和腐蝕環境的聯合作用產生的開裂，其應力水平低于沒有腐蝕環境時所需的應力水平或循環次數更少。 |
| Absorption dynamometer | 吸收式測功機 |
A dynamometer in which input work or power is dissipated by mechanical friction, electrical resistance, hydraulic resistance, etc. 通過機械摩擦、電阻、液壓阻力等耗散輸入功或功率的測功機。 |
| Rated power (Unit kW or hp) | 額定功率（單位：千瓦或馬力） |
(rated capacity, rated horsepower) The maximum power output that can be sustained continuously for any power-producing machine or system, such as an engine or a power plant. （額定容量、額定馬力）任何發電機器或系統（如發動機或發電廠）可連續維持的最大功率輸出。 |
| Shear fracture | 剪切斷裂 |
A ductile fracture in which a crystal (or a polycrystalline mass)has separated by sliding or tearing under the action of shear stresses. Contrast with cleavage fracture. 在剪切應力作用下，晶體（或多晶塊）通過滑動或撕裂而分離的韌性斷裂。與解理斷裂形成對比。 |
| Atmospheric pressure | 氣壓 |
The downward force exerted by the atmosphere because of its weight, (gravitational attraction to the Earth), measured by barometers, and usually expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb.expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb. 大氣由于其重量（對地球的引力）而施加的向下的力，用氣壓計測量，通常以毫巴為單位表示。海平面的標準大氣壓為1013.25mb。以毫巴為單位表示。海平面的標準大氣壓為1013.25mb。 |
| Load and resistance factor design | 負載和阻力系數設計 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Assigns uncertainties in the strength of (i.e., resistance of) and in the service loads to be placed on a shear joint to estimate the probable strength of the joint. It is a recently defined alternative to the Allowable stress design procedure. 結構連接研究委員會為AISC制定的設計程序。分配剪切接頭的強度（即阻力）和工作荷載的不確定性，以估計接頭的可能強度。它是最近定義的容許應力設計程序的替代方案。 |
| Oxidative wear | 氧化磨損 |
A type of wear resulting from the sliding action between two metallic components that generates oxide films on the metal surfaces. These oxide films prevent the formation of a metallic bond between the sliding surfaces, resulting in fine wear debris and low wear rates. 由兩個金屬部件之間的滑動作用導致的一種磨損，在金屬表面上產生氧化膜。這些氧化膜防止在滑動表面之間形成金屬結合，導致細磨屑和低磨損率。 |
| High-tensile bolt | 高強度螺栓 |
(high-tension bolt) A bolt manufactured from an alloy steel that has a high tensile strength of about 1 GPa. （高壓螺栓）由合金鋼制成的螺栓，具有約1GPa的高抗拉強度。 |
| Computer control | 電腦控制 |
The control of an engineering device or system by pre-programmed computer or by feedback control. 通過預編程計算機或反饋控制對工程設備或系統進行控制。 |
| Turn-of-nut method | 螺母轉動法 |
It applies preload by turning a nut through an angle that corresponds to a given elongation. 它通過將螺母旋轉一個與給定伸長率相對應的角度來施加預載荷。 |
| Quench aging | 淬火時效 |
Aging induced by rapid cooling after solution heat treatment. 固溶熱處理后快速冷卻引起的時效。 |
| Mechanical vibration | 機械振動 |
The motion of a particle or body which oscillates about a position of equilibrium. 圍繞平衡位置擺動的粒子或物體的運動。 |
| British Standards Institution (BSI) | 英國標準協會（BSI） |
The Institution in the UK responsible for the preparation and publication of standard specifications (British standards) for manufactured goods, their design, manufacture and testing. 負責為制成品及其設計、制造和測試制定和發布標準規范（英國標準）的英國機構。 |
| Thermomechanical working | 熱機械加工 |
A general term covering a variety of processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain specific properties. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. 一個通用術語，涵蓋結合受控熱處理和變形處理以獲得特定性能的各種工藝。與熱機械處理相同。 |
| Humidify | 加濕 |
To add water vapour to air or another gas to increase its humidity. 將水蒸氣添加到空氣或其他氣體中以增加其濕度。 |
| Burning | 燃燒化 |
(1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See overheating, grain-boundary liquation. (2) In grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. （1）通過加熱導致初期熔化或晶間氧化而永久損壞金屬或合金。參見過熱、晶界液化。（2）在磨削過程中，使工件熱到足以引起變色或通過回火或硬化改變微觀結構。 |
| Finishing temperature | 終軋溫度 |
The temperature at which hot working is completed. 完成熱加工的溫度。 |
| Absolute value error | 絕對值誤差 |
The magnitude of the error dlsregarding the algebraic sign, or, for a vectorial error, disregarding its function. 關于代數符號的誤差幅度，或者，對于矢量誤差，不考慮其函數。 |
| Fatigue | 疲勞 |
The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure generally occurs at loads that, applied statically, would produce little perceptible effect. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. A term referring, in components and structures subjected to either random or cyclic periodically-varying loads, to a progressive reduction in strength leading to failure at stresses lower than those that cause failure under monotonic loading. Variable loads arise from outof-balance machinery and other vibration sources, wind gusts, etc., and a large proportion of service failures is caused by fatigue. Fatigue results from the initiation and slow propagation of cracks. In manufactured components, crack initiation usually occurs at a point of stress concentration. After a period, often of millions of stress cycles, the crack reaches a critical length at which the next peak load causes sudden brittle or ductile fracture. Fracture surfaces resulting from fatigue display characteristic striations or progression marks emanating from the crack initiation site during the slow crack growth period, with a different surface appearance for the final fracture. 在最大值小于材料極限抗拉強度的重復或波動應力下導致斷裂的現象。疲勞失效通常發生在靜態施加的載荷下，不會產生明顯影響。疲勞斷裂是漸進性的，從在波動應力作用下生長的微小裂紋開始。在承受隨機或周期性變化載荷的部件和結構中，指強度逐漸降低，導致在低于單調載荷下導致失效的應力下發生失效的術語?？勺冐撦d由失衡的機械和其他振動源、陣風等引起，大部分故障是由疲勞引起的。疲勞是裂紋萌生和緩慢擴展的結果。在制造部件中，裂紋萌生通常發生在應力集中點。在一段時間（通常是數百萬次應力循環）后，裂紋達到臨界長度，此時下一個峰值載荷會導致突然脆性或韌性斷裂。疲勞產生的斷裂表面在緩慢裂紋擴展期間顯示出從裂紋萌生部位發出的特征條紋或進展標記，最終斷裂的表面外觀不同。 |
| Breaking load (Unit N) | 斷裂負荷（單位N） |
The load applied at some point to a component or structure which leads to fracture. The breaking stress (breaking strength) is the average stress at which a member breaks, given by the breaking load divided by the area over which it acts. 在某個點施加到導致斷裂的部件或結構的載荷。斷裂應力（斷裂強度）是構件斷裂時的平均應力，由斷裂載荷除以其作用的面積給出。 |
| Reverse pitch (Unit °) | 反向螺距（單位°） |
The pitch of a variable-pitch propeller that produces negative thrust. 產生負推力的變槳距螺旋槳的槳距。 |
| Austempered steels | 等溫鋼 |
Medium to high carbon steels with improved mechanical properties as a result of austempering. After heating to between 800° and 900°C to form the austenite phase, they are quenched to, and held at, just above the martensite transformation range (between 260° and 370°C) to form bainite, before cooling further. Austempering of ductile cast irons results in a microstructure of bainite and spheroidal graphite. Austempered ductile irons have excellent toughness and wear properties. 由于等溫淬火，機械性能得到改善的中高碳鋼。在加熱到800°和900°C之間形成奧氏體相后，將它們淬火并保持在略高于馬氏體轉變范圍（260°和370°C之間）以形成貝氏體，然后進一步冷卻。球墨鑄鐵的等溫淬火導致貝氏體和球狀石墨的微觀結構。等溫淬火球墨鑄鐵具有優異的韌性和耐磨性。 |
| Free ferrite | 游離鐵氧體 |
Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite. 在冷卻過程中亞共析奧氏體分解直接形成的鐵素體，沒有同時形成滲碳體。也是先共析鐵氧體。 |
| Indentation hardness | 壓痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm2) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通過硬度測試確定的材料抗壓痕的能力。壓頭可以是球形或菱形，在規定的載荷下壓入金屬表面一段時間。（單位Pa或，非國際單位制，kgf/mm2）通過壓頭測量硬度，壓入材料，形成永久壓痕。硬度由載荷除以壓痕的投影（有時是表面）面積得出。塑性理論表明，硬度約為單軸屈服應力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Design pressure (Unit Pa) | 設計壓力（單位Pa） |
The greatest pressure that a closed container is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 密閉容器在正常操作條件下預期承受的最大壓力。 |
| Pulse | 脈沖 |
An increase or decrease in the magnitude of a physical quantity, such as pressure, voltage, or force, with a time scale short compared with other time scales in a process, after which there is a return to the original level. 物理量的大小的增加或減少，如壓力、電壓或力，與過程中的其他時間尺度相比，時間尺度較短，之后返回到原始水平。 |
| Bolt | 螺栓 |
(machine bolt) A fastener in the form of an externally-threaded cylinder with a head on one end that is inserted through holes in assembled parts that are then held together by a nut tightened on to the thread. A bolt has an unthreaded region below the head so that when located in a hole, transverse loads are borne by two plain cylindrical surfaces in contact. In contrast, use of a machine screw, that has threads all along its length, results in threads bearing against the plain surface of a hole. Officially, a threaded fastener designed to be used with a nut. （機械螺栓）外螺紋圓柱狀緊固件：一端有頭的緊固件，通過裝配零件上的孔插入，然后通過擰緊到螺紋上的螺母固定在一起。螺栓頭部下方有一個無螺紋區域，因此當位于孔中時，橫向載荷由兩個接觸的平面圓柱面承擔。相反，使用沿其長度具有螺紋的機器螺釘，會導致螺紋支撐在孔的平面上。正式情況下，螺紋緊固件設計用于與螺母一起使用。 |
| Transfer machines | 轉印機 |
These specialized machine tools are used to perform various machining operations on parts or parts in fixtures as the parts are moved along on an automatic conveyor which is part of the machine tool set-up. In a set-up, the parts can move in a straight line from their entry point to their exit point, or the setup may be constructed in a U-shape so that the parts are expelled near where they start. 當零件在自動輸送機上移動時，這些專用機床用于對零件或夾具中的零件執行各種加工操作，自動輸送機是機床設置的一部分。在設置中，零件可以從其入口點直線移動到其出口點，或者設置可以構造為U形，以便零件在其起點附近排出。 |
| Blind rivet | 盲孔鉚釘 |
A rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一種鉚釘，可以僅從組件的一側進行連接。 |
| Concurrent engineering | 并行工程 |
The integration of the procedures for product design, material selection and manufacturing method to include life-cycle analysis. 產品設計、材料選擇和制造方法程序的整合，包括生命周期分析。 |
| Electrode | 電極 |
The two metallic bodies in a battery or Corrosion cell which give up electrons (the Anode) or which attract them (the Cathode). 電池或腐蝕電池中釋放電子（陽極）或吸引電子（陰極）的兩個金屬體。 |
| Seal | 密封件 |
A component which controls or prevents leakage of fluids into or out of parts of a machine. 控制或防止流體流入或流出機器部件的部件。 |
| Toughness (Unit J/m2) | 韌性（單位：J/m2） |
The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. The ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金屬在破裂前吸收能量和塑性變形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂紋萌生和擴展的能力。2.材料在不發生斷裂的情況下吸收應變能的能力。 |
| Compressor bleed | 壓縮機排氣 |
The removal of air before the final stage of a multistage compressor operating below design speed, to prevent the final stage from choking. 在低于設計速度運行的多級壓縮機的末級之前去除空氣，以防止末級阻塞。 |
| Taper pins | 圓錐銷 |
A pin or peg of circular cross section that tapers along its length. Steel pins used for locating and holding the machine parts in position on a shaft. 沿其長度逐漸變細的圓形橫截面的銷釘或銷釘。用于在軸上定位和固定機器零件的鋼銷。 |
| Torsional shaft vibration | 扭軸振動 |
The rapid back-and-forth angular twisting along a rotating unbalanced shaft which reaches maxima at critical rotation speeds. Shaft eccentricity, unbalanced mass distribution, oscillatory torque, misalignment, etc. all influence torsional vibration. 沿旋轉不平衡軸的快速來回角扭轉，在臨界轉速下達到最大值。軸偏心、質量分布不平衡、振蕩扭矩、未對準等都會影響扭轉振動。 |
| Brittle lacquer coating | 脆性漆涂層 |
A lacquer that, when painted on to an unloaded body, reveals the direction of maximum tension stresses from the pattern of cracking produced in the lacquer when the body is loaded. 一種漆，當涂在未加載的車身上時，從車身加載時在漆中產生的裂紋圖案中顯示出最大拉應力的方向。 |
| Circlip | 卡簧 |
(snap ring) An external or internal retaining ring that locates parts of circular cross section in an axial direction. It consists of an incomplete ring, with holes on either side of the gap, that may be expanded by a plier-like tool to pass into a groove in a shaft or contracted to pass into a groove in a bore. （卡環）在軸向定位圓形橫截面部分的外部或內部保持環。它由一個不完整的環組成，在間隙的任一側都有孔，可以通過鉗形工具將其擴展以進入軸中的凹槽或收縮以進入孔中的凹槽。 |
| Distortion | 扭曲 |
Any deviation from an original size, shape, or contour that occurs because of the application of stress or the release of residual stress. 由于施加應力或釋放殘余應力而發生的與原始尺寸、形狀或輪廓的任何偏差。 |
| Standard hole | 標準孔 |
A hole in a workpiece bored to a specified tolerance where clearance with a shaft is accomplished by allowance on the shaft. A standard shaft is machined to a specified tolerance where clearance with a hole is accomplished by allowance on the hole. 工件上的孔，鉆孔至規定公差，其中與軸的間隙通過軸上的余量來實現。標準軸加工至規定公差，其中與孔的間隙通過孔上的公差實現。 |
| Mechanical properties of solid materials | 固體材料的力學性能 |
The strength and stiffness properties of solid materials such as fracture toughness, the moduli of elasticity, percent elongation, 固體材料的強度和剛度特性，例如斷裂韌性、彈性模量、伸長率、 |
| Specific heat capacity | 比熱容 |
The heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K. It is measured in J/(kg K). 將1千克物質的溫度升高1K所需的熱量。單位為J/（kg K）。 |
| Overheating | 過熱 |
Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. 將金屬或合金加熱至其性能受損的高溫。當通過進一步熱處理、機械加工或加工與熱處理的組合無法恢復原始性能時，過熱稱為燃燒。 |
| Raised-face flange | 凸面法蘭 |
A flange which contacts its mating joint member only in the region in which the gasket is located. The flanges do not contact each other at the bolt circle. 僅在墊圈所在區域接觸其配合接頭構件的法蘭。法蘭在螺栓圓處不相互接觸。 |
| Elastic interactions | 彈性相互作用 |
When a bolt is tightened it partially compresses the joint members ‘‘in its own neighborhood.’’ When nearby bolts are tightened later, they further compress the joint in this region. This allows the first bolt to relax a little (lose a little preload). Tightening bolts on the opposite side of the joint, however, might increase preload in some of the earlier bolts tightened on the near side. These shifts and changes in the elastic energy stored in individual bolts, during assembly, are called elastic interactions. 當螺栓擰緊時，它會“在其自身附近”部分壓縮接頭構件稍后擰緊附近的螺栓時，進一步壓縮該區域的接頭。這允許第一個螺栓稍微松弛（失去一點預載）。但擰緊接頭另一側的螺栓可能會增加早期在近側擰緊的一些螺栓的預載。在裝配過程中，儲存在單個螺栓中的彈性能量的這些位移和變化稱為彈性相互作用。 |
| Air conditioning | 空調 |
The process of controlling the temperature and humidity in rooms, buildings, aircraft, passenger vehicles, etc. More generally it includes control of dust, levels of radiant heat, etc. 控制房間、建筑物、飛機、客運車輛等的溫度和濕度的過程。更一般地說，它包括控制灰塵、輻射熱水平等。 |
| Quick coupling | 快速接頭 |
(quick disconnect, fast coupling) A hose connection allowing rapid assembly or disassembly and comprising a socket and a plug incorporating a springloaded locking mechanism. （快速斷開、快速連接）一種軟管連接，允許快速組裝或拆卸，包括插座和帶有彈簧加載鎖定機構的插頭。 |
| Finished fastener | 精制緊固件 |
Fastener for which all manufacturing steps have been completed, with or without any surface coating and with full or reduced loadability, and which has not been machined into a test piece. 已完成所有制造步驟的緊固件，有或沒有任何表面涂層，具有完全或降低的承載能力，并且尚未加工成試件。 |
| Cooling coil | 冷卻盤管 |
A simple heat exchanger consisting of a coiled tube, typically of copper or stainless steel, through which is circulated a coolant such as a refrigerant, chilled water, or water mixed with ethylene glycol. Applications include air conditioning, process cooling, and refrigeration. 一種簡單的熱交換器，由通常由銅或不銹鋼制成的盤管組成，冷卻劑如制冷劑、冷凍水或與乙二醇混合的水通過盤管循環。應用包括空調、工藝冷卻和制冷。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德羅常數 |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol?1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德羅數，NA）一個固定數值為6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常數?摩爾正好包含這個數量的基本實體。對阿伏伽德羅常數值的微小調整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Wave spring | 波形彈簧 |
A type of compression spring, similar to a coil spring, but made of strip shaped into waves around the circumference. 一種壓縮彈簧，類似于螺旋彈簧，但由沿圓周成波浪形的條狀物制成。 |
| Ackerman linkage | 阿克曼裝置 |
A steering linkage on a motor vehicle that approximately gives rolling without slipping of both wheels about the turning point. This is achieved by having the inner stub axle (on the inside of the turning curve) move through a greater angle than the outer stub axle. 機動車輛上的一種轉向聯動裝置，在轉向點附近兩個車輪幾乎不會打滑。這是通過使內短軸（在轉彎曲線的內側）比外短軸移動更大的角度來實現的。 |
| Kilo (k) | 千（k） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 103; thus kilometre (km) is a unit of length equal to one thousand metres. 表示乘法器103的SI單位前綴；1千米是長度單位，等于1000米。 |
| Active vibration suppression | 主動振動抑制 |
The reduction of undesirable vibration in components by feedback control. 通過反饋控制減少部件中的不良振動。 |
| Breaks | 斷裂 |
Creases or ridges usually in “untempered” or in aged material where the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the origin of the break, it may be termed a cross break, a coil break, an edge break, or a sticker break. 通常在“未回火”或超過屈服點的老化材料中出現折痕或隆起。根據斷裂的起源，它可能被稱為交叉斷裂、線圈斷裂、邊緣斷裂或貼紙斷裂。 |
| Water column | 水柱 |
Water in a tube, which may be vertical or inclined. If the tube is open to the atmosphere, the vertical height h from a datum level to the water surface is a measure of the water static pressure p at the datum level given by p ? B = ρgh where B is the barometric pressure, ρ denotes the water density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. 管道中的水，可以是垂直的或傾斜的。如果管道向大氣開放，則從基準面到水面的垂直高度h是基準面處水靜壓p的量度，由p給出?B=ρgh，其中B是大氣壓力，ρ表示水密度，g是重力引起的加速度。 |
| Laser sintering | 激光燒結 |
A manufacturing technique by which parts are built layer by layer (each typically 20 μm thick) from plastic or metal (Direct Metal Laser Sintering, DMLS) material in powder form, each layer being sintered by a scanning laser. 一種制造技術，通過這種制造技術，零件由粉末形式的塑料或金屬（直接金屬激光燒結，DMLS）材料逐層（每個厚度通常為 20 微米）構建，每一層都由掃描激光燒結。 |
| Cyaniding | 氰化 |
A case-hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation range in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process. 一種表面硬化工藝，將含鐵材料在含氰化物的熔融鹽中加熱至低于較低轉變范圍，使其表面同時吸收碳和氮，并通過擴散形成濃度梯度。淬火硬化完成該過程。 |
| Quench (quenching) | 淬火 |
Rapid cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: brine quenching, caustic quenching, cold die quenching, forced-air quenching, intense quenching, oil quenching, press quenching, spray quenching, direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, time quenching, and water quenching. 1. The process of rapid-cooling by plunging an object into a bath of water, oil, salt, molten metal, or other media. It is a method of heat treatment used particularly to form martensite preparatory to tempering steels. The bath temperature is the quench temperature. 2. The suppression of combustion. 3. In a piston engine, the cooling of a fraction of the gases during combustion, typically by reducing the clearance between the piston crown and the cylinder head. 快速冷卻。適用時，應使用以下更具體的術語：鹽水淬火、堿淬火、冷模淬火、強制空氣淬火、強淬火、油淬火、壓力淬火、噴射淬火、直接淬火、霧淬火、熱淬火、間斷淬火、選擇性淬火、時間淬火和水淬火。1.通過將物體放入水、油、鹽、熔融金屬或其他介質的浴中快速冷卻的過程。這是一種熱處理方法，特別用于形成回火鋼前的馬氏體。浴溫度是淬火溫度。2.燃燒的抑制。3.在活塞式發動機中，燃燒過程中一部分氣體的冷卻，通常通過減小活塞頂和氣缸蓋之間的間隙來實現。 |
| Superheating | 過熱 |
Heating above the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation should occur without actually obtaining the transformation. 在不實際獲得相變的情況下，加熱到應發生平衡相變的溫度以上。 |
| Compression fitting | 壓縮接頭 |
A screwed joint for pipework made resistant to leakage by permanent deformation of a closely-fitting ring, called a ferrule or olive, on tightening. 一種用于管道的螺紋接頭，通過緊密配合的環（稱為套圈或橄欖形）在擰緊時的永久變形來防止泄漏。 |
| Fracture surface | 斷裂面 |
The irregular surface produced when a piece of metal is broken. 一塊金屬破碎時產生的不規則表面。 |
| Steam gauge | 汽壓表 |
A pressure gauge used to measure gauge pressure in a line, boiler, cylinder, or other device operating with steam. 一種壓力表，用于測量管道、鍋爐、汽缸或其他與蒸汽一起工作的裝置中的表壓。 |
| Mode of failure | 故障模式 |
The various ways in which a material can fail when subjected to loading, surface damage, chemical attack, heating, cooling, or radiation, in either isolation or combination. The failure modes include fracture, fatigue, creep, corrosion, erosion, and embrittlement. 材料在受到載荷、表面損傷、化學侵蝕、加熱、冷卻或輻射時，可能發生失效的各種方式，無論是單獨還是組合。失效模式包括斷裂、疲勞、蠕變、腐蝕、侵蝕和脆化。 |
| Composite material | 復合材料 |
(composite structure) A general term used of two or more materials or structures acting in combination (e.g. concrete, reinforced concrete, filamentreinforced polymers, laminated materials, particulate-reinforced materials, flitched beams), resulting in values of strength, stiffness, or toughness greater than the base matrix material alone. （復合結構）用于組合作用的兩種或多種材料或結構的通用術語（例如混凝土、鋼筋混凝土、纖維增強聚合物、層壓材料、顆粒增強材料、切割梁），從而產生強度、剛度或韌性值大于單獨的基體材料。 |
| Pressure regulator | 壓力調節器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （壓力調節閥）安裝在氣動或氣體系統中以將下游壓力保持在所需水平的裝置。 |
| Fatigue strength | 疲勞強度 |
The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of stress. The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. 金屬在指定數量的應力循環變化下可以承受的應力?？梢栽谥付ǖ难h次數內持續而不失效的最大應力。還應說明最大應力值和應力比。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在熱處理中，將硬化鋼或硬化鑄鐵重新加熱到共析溫度以下的溫度，以降低硬度和增加韌性。該工藝有時也適用于正火鋼。（2）在工具鋼中，有時使用回火來表示碳含量，但這是不恰當的。（3）在非鐵合金和一些鐵合金（不能通過熱處理硬化的鋼）中，通過機械或熱處理或兩者產生的硬度和強度，其特征是在冷加工過程中具有一定的結構、機械性能或面積減小。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應，其中固溶體在冷卻時轉化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數量與系統中組分的數量相同。（2）具有平衡圖上共析點所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反應形成的混合固體成分的合金結構。 |
| Spanner (wrench) | 扳手 |
A tool for applying torque to tighten or loosen a nut, bolt, or screw. Grip is applied by a serrated ring or an open U-shape at the end of the tool. On imperial-size spanners, the BSW and BSF marking refers to the diameter of the screw thread; similarly for BA spanners. Spanners for unified and metric threads are marked with the distance across the flats (‘A/F’) of the nut or head of the bolt. 擰緊或松開螺母、螺栓或螺絲的工具。通過工具端部的鋸齒環或開口U形應用夾持。在英制扳手上，BSW和BSF標記是指螺紋的直徑；類似于BA扳手。用于統一螺紋和公制螺紋的扳手在螺母或螺栓頭的平面（'A/F'）上標記距離。 |
| Turbocharging | 渦輪增壓 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一種增壓方法，其中活塞發動機的熱廢氣用于驅動渦輪，渦輪為增壓壓縮機提供動力。渦輪增壓器是渦輪/壓縮機組合。壓縮機通常為徑向流出設計，而徑向、軸向和混流式渦輪機都在使用。廢氣旁通閥是一種減少進入渦輪的廢氣流量以限制產生的增壓或超速的閥。 |
| Fastener testing | 緊固件測試 |
A determination or verification that the fastener meets its specification requirements. 確定或驗證緊固件符合其規范要求。 |
| Specific weight (γ) (Unit N/m3) | 比重（γ）（單位：N/m3） |
The weight per unit volume of a substance: if W is the weight of a volume of the substance, ρ is its density, and g is the acceleration due to gravity, γ = W/ = ρg. 物質單位體積的重量：W是物質體積的重量，ρ是其密度，g是重力引起的加速度，γ=W/=ρg。 |
| Crankshaft | 曲軸 |
The main shaft, of which the cranks are a part, of a reciprocating single-or multi-cylinder machine. Crankshafts may be built up in sections or forged as a single component. In an engine, the reciprocating motion of the pistons transmits power to the crankshaft and causes it to rotate, whereas in a pump the crankshaft is driven and its rotation causes the pistons to reciprocate. 曲柄是往復式單缸或多缸機器主軸的一部分。曲軸可以分段組裝或作為單個部件鍛造。在發動機中，活塞的往復運動將動力傳遞給曲軸并使其旋轉，而在泵中，曲軸被驅動，其旋轉使活塞往復運動。 |
| Universal joint (Hooke’s joint) | 萬向節（胡克接頭） |
A double-pivoted connection that allows power and torque to be transmitted between two shafts at an angle to each other. For constant driving angular velocity of the input yoke, the angular velocity of the output yoke fluctuates by amounts depending on the angle of intersection of the shafts. Speeds of the driving and driven shafts may be made identical (giving a constant-velocity joint) when an intermediate shaft, at each end of which there is a universal joint, is interposed. The driving and driven shafts must be equally inclined to the intermediate shaft, the two forks of which must lie in the same plane. 一種雙樞軸連接，允許動力和扭矩以一定角度在兩個軸之間傳遞。對于輸入磁軛的恒定驅動角速度，輸出磁軛的角速度根據軸的相交角度波動。當插入中間軸時，驅動軸和從動軸的速度可以相同（提供恒定速度接頭），中間軸的兩端都有萬向節。主動軸和從動軸必須與中間軸傾斜相等，中間軸的兩個叉必須位于同一平面內。 |
| Total carbon | 總碳 |
The sum of the free and combined carbon (including carbon in solution) in a ferrous alloy. 鐵合金中游離碳和結合碳（包括溶液中的碳）的總和。 |
| Tooth lock washers | 帶齒鎖緊墊圈 |
These washers serve to lock fasteners, such as bolts and nuts, to the component parts of an assembly, or increase the friction between the fasteners and the assembly. They are designated in a manner similar to helical spring lock washers, and are available in carbon steel. 這些墊圈用于將緊固件（如螺栓和螺母）鎖定到組件的零部件上，或增加緊固件與組件之間的摩擦力。它們的設計方式類似于螺旋彈簧鎖緊墊圈，可采用碳鋼。 |
| Fracture mechanisms | 斷裂機制 |
The microstructural mechanisms that cause fracture, such as void initiation, growth and coalescence, cleavage. 導致斷裂的微觀結構機制，如空隙的萌生、生長和聚結、解理。 |
| Newton’s law of gravitation | 牛頓萬有引力定律 |
(Newton’s law of universal gravitation) Any two bodies exert a gravitational force of attraction F on each other directed along the line joining their centres of mass, in magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them. （牛頓萬有引力定律）任何兩個物體沿其質心連接線相互施加引力F，其大小與其質量乘積成正比，與它們之間距離r的平方成反比。 |
| Acoustic pyrometer | 聲學高溫計 |
A non-intrusive pyrometer based on the principle that the sound speed in a gas is proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature. 一種非侵入式高溫計，其原理是氣體中的聲速與其絕對溫度的平方根成正比。 |
| Transverse direction | 橫向 |
Literally, the “across” direction, usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the direction across the width is often called long transverse, and the direction through the thickness, short transverse. 從字面上看，“橫穿”方向，通常表示與工作方向垂直的方向或平面。在軋制鋼板或薄板中，橫跨寬度的方向通常稱為長橫向，穿過厚度的方向稱為短橫向。 |
| Precision | 精確 |
The closeness of agreement between the results of individual replicated measurements or tests. The standard deviation of the error of measurement may be used as a measure of “imprecision.” 單個重復測量或測試結果之間的一致性。測量誤差的標準偏差可用作“不精確性”的度量 |
| Tension, bolt | 螺栓張力 |
Tension (tensile stress) created in the bolt by assembly preloads and=or such things as thermal expansion, service loads, etc. 由組件預載和=或熱膨脹、工作載荷等因素在螺栓中產生的張力（拉伸應力）。 |
| Chain | 鏈 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列連接的鏈接，通常是鋼制的。對于提升、拉動、固定等，每個鏈節都是一個閉合環，通常呈環形。對于動力傳輸，鏈節設計為與鏈輪的齒嚙合。與皮帶傳動相比，鏈傳動往往用于高扭矩應用。 |
| Radial-flow compressor | 離心式壓縮機 |
A compressor in which the working gas enters the machine axially and is compressed as it flows radially out through the impeller. 一種壓縮機，其中工作氣體軸向進入機器，并在通過葉輪徑向流出時被壓縮。 |
| Gauge | 測量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于測量或檢查尺寸的儀器，包括可調節量規（例如千分尺）和不可調節量規（例如指示制造過程中組件允許的最大和最小尺寸的通過/不通過限制量規）。2. 常用于表示儀器的術語，例如壓力表。3.根據標準的線材直徑或片材厚度。4.鐵路軌道的鋼軌之間的距離。 |
| Impact extrusion | 沖擊擠壓 |
The extrusion of separate components of soft metals whose properties permit the action to be performed quickly. 擠壓單獨的軟金屬組件，其特性允許快速執行操作。 |
| Rolled thread | 滾制螺紋 |
A thread formed by plastically deforming the surface of the blank rather than by cutting operations. Increases fatigue life and thread strength, but is not possible (or perhaps economical) on larger sizes. 通過塑性變形坯料表面而不是通過切割操作形成的螺紋。增加疲勞壽命和螺紋強度，但不太可能（或者說是經濟上不太可能）用于較大的尺寸。 |
| Thread run-out | 螺紋耗盡 |
That portion of the threads which are not cut or rolled full depth, but which provide the transition between full-depth threads and the body or head. Officially called thread washout or vanish, although the term run-out is more popular. (Run-out is officially reserved for rotational eccentricity, as defined by total indicator readings or the like.) 未全深度切割或軋制的螺紋部分，但提供全深度螺紋與主體或頭部之間的過渡。官方稱之為螺紋沖蝕或消失，但術語“耗盡”更為流行。（跳動是官方為旋轉偏心度保留的，由總指示器讀數等定義。） |
| Ferritic decarburization | 鐵素體脫碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient loss of carbon to cause a lighter shade of tempered martensite and a significantly lower hardness than that of the adjacent base metal, with the presence of ferrite grains or grain boundary network under metallographic examination. 脫碳，碳損失充分，導致回火馬氏體顏色較淺，硬度明顯低于相鄰母材，金相檢查時存在鐵素體晶粒或晶界網絡。 |
| Observed value | 觀測值 |
The particular value of a characteristic determined as a result of a test or measurement. 作為測試或測量結果確定的特性的特定值。 |
| Slip band | 滑帶 |
A group of parallel slip lines so closely spaced as to appear as a single line when observed under an optical microscope. 一組平行滑移線，間距如此之近，以至于在光學顯微鏡下觀察時顯示為一條直線。 |
| Working stress (Unit Pa) | 工作應力（單位Pa） |
The stress under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 部件或結構設計為在正常條件下運行的應力。 |
| Shore hardness | 肖氏硬度 |
A measure of the hardness of materials such as elastomers, plastics, and rubbers determined using a Shore durometer which measures the penetration depth of a hardened steel rod (the indenter) 1.1–1.4 mm in diameter into the test material for a given force applied rapidly with a calibrated spring. There are two main indenter designs: type A (for softer materials) for which the end of the rod is a truncated 35° cone tapering to a diameter of 0.79 mm, and type D (harder materials) for which the end is a 30° cone with a 0.1 mm radius tip. The spring force is 8.05 N for type A and 44.45 N for type D. The hardness value is related to the penetration depth (limited to a maximum of 2.5 mm) such that for zero penetration the hardness is 100 and for maximum penetration the hardness is zero. The relevant standards are ISO 48-1, 48-4, and 48-7. Shore hardness values of selected materials are as follows: ABS 100, cellulose acetate 50–95, high-density polyethylene 60–70, low density polyethylene 40–50, polymethylmethacrylate 90–99, PTFE 50–65, and plasticized PVC 15–70. 使用肖氏硬度計測量彈性體、塑料和橡膠等材料的硬度，肖氏硬度儀測量直徑為1.1–1.4mm的硬化鋼棒（壓頭）在用校準彈簧快速施加的給定力下滲入試驗材料的深度。有兩種主要的壓頭設計：A型（適用于較軟的材料），其桿端為截頭35°錐形，逐漸變細至直徑0.79 mm；D型（較硬的材料），端部為30°錐形，尖端半徑為0.1mm。A型的彈簧力為8.05N，D型為44.45N。硬度值與滲透深度相關（最大限制為2.5mm），因此，對于零滲透，硬度為100，對于最大滲透，硬度是零。相關標準為ISO 48-1、48-4和48-7。所選材料的肖氏硬度值如下：ABS100、醋酸纖維素50-95、高密度聚乙烯60-70、低密度聚乙烯40-50、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯90-99、PTFE50-65和塑化PVC15-70。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 將冷加工的有色金屬合金軟化到規定的硬度或抗拉強度水平的最終局部退火。 |
| Chafing fatigue | 磨損疲勞 |
Fatigue damage initiated in a surface damaged by rubbing against another body. 因與另一個物體摩擦而損壞的表面引起的疲勞損壞。 |
| Creep limit (Unit Pa) | 蠕變極限（單位Pa） |
The maximum allowable stress under the action of which creep deformation of a material does not exceed a specified limit. 材料在其作用下的蠕變變形不超過規定限度的最大許用應力。 |
| constitutive equation | 本構方程 |
(constitutive relation) 1. In solid mechanics or fluid mechanics, an algebraic or numerical relation for the dependency of stress on deformation, strain, strain rate, temperature, etc. in a material. In solid mechanics such a relation is sometimes called an equation of state. Simple linear examples include Hooke’s law and Newton’s viscosity law. 2. In heat transfer, a relation, such as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, connecting heat flux with temperature gradient. （本構關系）1.在固體力學或流體力學中，應力與材料的變形、應變、應變率、溫度等之間的代數或數值關系。在固體力學中，這種關系有時稱為狀態方程。簡單的線性例子包括胡克定律和牛頓粘度定律。2.在傳熱學中，將熱流與溫度梯度聯系起來的一種關系，如傅立葉熱傳導定律。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 終端溫差（單位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 熱交換器入口或出口處兩種流體流之間的溫差。 |
| B-basis | B-基礎 |
Mechanical property value above which at least 90% of the population of values is expected to fall, with a confidence of 95%. 機械性能值超過該值時，至少90%的值預計會下降，置信度為95%。 |
| Centrifugal fan | 離心風機 |
A machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. The gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一種帶有轉子的機器，轉子由安裝在輪轂周圍的許多葉片組成，用于移動空氣或其他氣體。氣體軸向進入轉子并在增加的壓力下徑向排出。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差極限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定義零件尺寸或其他質量特性允許偏差范圍的極值（上限和下限）。 |
| Thermal analysis | 熱分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一種通過記錄發生熱阻的溫度來確定金屬轉變的方法。這些阻力表現為繪制或機械追蹤的加熱和冷卻曲線斜率的變化。當這些數據在加熱和冷卻的近似平衡條件下得到保證時，該方法通常用于確定構建平衡圖所需的某些臨界溫度。 |
| Hot stamping | 熱沖壓 |
Hot forging of brass and bronze alloys. 黃銅和青銅合金的熱鍛。 |
| Plane-stress fracture toughness (Kc) | 平面應力斷裂韌性（Kc） |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, the value of the crack-extension resistance at the instability condition determined from the tangency between the R-curve and the critical crack-extension force curve of the specimen. 在線彈性斷裂力學中，由試樣的R曲線和臨界裂紋擴展力曲線之間的切線確定的不穩定條件下裂紋擴展阻力的值。 |
| Cold die quenching | 冷模淬火 |
A quench utilizing cold, flat, or shaped dies to extract heat from a part. Cold die quenching is slow, expensive, and is limited to smaller parts with large surface areas. 利用冷、平或成型模具從零件中提取熱量的淬火。冷模淬火速度慢、成本高，并且僅限于表面積較大的較小零件。 |
| Coefficient of rolling friction | 滾動摩擦系數 |
The ratio of force parallel to a surface, on which an object rolls, to the normal force. Unlike sliding friction, rolling friction depends on the size of the contact patch and the radius of the rolling element, and the behaviour depends on whether the contact is elastic, viscoelastic, or plastic and on hysteresis losses. 平行于物體滾動表面的力與法向力之比。與滑動摩擦不同，滾動摩擦取決于接觸片的大小和滾動元件的半徑，其行為取決于接觸是彈性的、粘彈性的還是塑性的以及滯后損失。 |
| Impact testing | 沖擊測試 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速條件下測定材料的機械性能。通常根據測試件在被鐘擺撞擊或從已知高度墜落的重物或夾在兩個霍普金森棒之間時的行為來確定。 |
| Connecting rod | 連桿 |
(con rod) A link that transmits power from one system to another, often changing linear to rotary motion, as in the rod connecting the piston to the crankshaft in a reciprocating compressor or pump or to the crankshaft in an internal-combustion engine, as in the diagram. The big end (bottom end) is the larger end that connects to the bearing on one of the crankpins of the crankshaft. The little end (small end) is joined by a gudgeon pin to the piston. （連桿）將動力從一個系統傳遞到另一個系統的連桿，通常由線性運動變為旋轉運動，如圖所示，連桿將活塞連接到往復式壓縮機或泵的曲軸或內燃機的曲軸上。大端（底端）是連接到曲軸一個曲柄銷上軸承的大端。小端（小端）通過活塞銷連接到活塞上。 |
| Closed system | 封閉系統 |
A closed thermodynamic system consists of a fixed amount of mass. No mass can cross its boundary although energy can, in the form of work or heat, and its volume can change. 一個封閉的熱力學系統由一定量的質量組成。能量可以以功或熱的形式存在，其體積可以改變，但沒有質量可以越過它的邊界。 |
| Heat treatment | 熱處理 |
(heat treating) Alteration of the mechanical properties of materials, particularly metals, by different sequences of heating, holding at temperature, and cooling at different rates. Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition. （熱處理）材料，特別是金屬的機械性能的改變，通過不同的加熱順序、溫度保持和不同速率的冷卻。加熱和冷卻固體金屬或合金，以獲得所需的條件或性能。僅用于熱加工的加熱不屬于本定義的含義。 |
| Fatigue test | 疲勞測試 |
A method for determining the range of alternating (fluctuating)stresses a material can withstand without failing. 一種確定材料可以承受而不會失效的交變（波動）應力范圍的方法。 |
| Atom | 原子 |
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a chemical element. The simplest description of an atom (Bohr model) is of a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. 具有化學元素性質的最小物質單位。原子的最簡單描述（玻爾模型）是由一個或多個軌道電子包圍的致密原子核。 |
| Air-cooled engine | 風冷發動機 |
An internal-combustion engine directly cooled by airflow, rather than by water flowing through the engine block being cooled by a radiator. 一種由氣流直接冷卻的內燃機，而不是通過流經發動機缸體的水被散熱器冷卻。 |
| Nominal size | 公稱尺寸 |
The intended size of a component. The actual size will depend on manufacturing tolerances. 組件的預期尺寸。實際尺寸取決于制造公差。 |
| Castellated nut | 槽形螺母 |
A nut having slots across the hexagonal faces, used with a bolt having a drilled hole so that a split (cotter) pin may be inserted through both nut and bolt to prevent unscrewing. 一種在六角面上有槽的螺母，與具有鉆孔的螺栓一起使用，以便將開口（開口）銷插入穿過螺母和螺栓以防止擰松。 |
| Fracture strength | 斷裂強度 |
(fracture stress) (Unit Pa) The stress at which a material breaks. It is not absolute for a given material, as it depends on the laws of fracture mechanics and is size-dependent. （斷裂應力）（單位Pa）材料斷裂時的應力。對于給定的材料，它不是絕對的，因為它取決于斷裂力學定律，并且取決于尺寸。 |
| Corrosion cell | 腐蝕電池 |
A natural ‘‘battery’’ formed when two metals having different electrical potentials (an Anode and a Cathode) are connected together in the presence of a liquid (the Electrolyte). 當兩種具有不同電勢的金屬（陽極和陰極）在液體（電解質）存在下連接在一起時形成的天然“電池”。 |
| Latent heat | 潛熱 |
Thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a phase change. 物質發生相變時吸收或釋放的熱能。 |
| Check valve | 止回閥 |
(clack valve, non-return valve) A mechanical device that allows fluid flow in one direction only. The numerous designs include ball, diaphragm, disc, lift, split disc, and swing check valves. （瓣閥、止回閥）一種僅允許流體單向流動的機械裝置。眾多設計包括球閥、隔膜閥、盤閥、升降閥、分體盤閥和旋啟式止回閥。 |
| Anisotropy | 各向異性 |
The characteristic of exhibiting different values of a property in different directions with respect to a fixed reference system in the material. 相對于材料中的固定參考系統，在不同方向上表現出不同屬性值的特性。 |
| Embrittlement | 脆化 |
The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用過程中的延展性或斷裂韌性損失。通常是金屬或合金的延展性或韌性或兩者的嚴重損失。多種形式的脆化可導致脆性斷裂。在熱處理或高溫服務期間，可能會出現多種形式（熱致脆化）。影響鋼的一些脆化形式包括藍脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火時效脆化、西格瑪相脆化、應變時效脆化，回火脆化、回火馬氏體脆化和熱脆化。此外，鋼和其他金屬和合金可能因環境條件而脆化（環境輔助脆化）。環境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、堿脆化、腐蝕脆化、蠕變斷裂脆化、氫脆化、液態金屬脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固態金屬脆化和應力腐蝕開裂。 |
| Deflection temperature under load (DTUL) | 負載變形溫度（DTUL） |
The temperature at which a simple cantilever beam deflects a given amount under load. Formerly called heat distortion temperature. 簡單懸臂梁在負載下偏轉給定量的溫度。以前稱為熱變形溫度。 |
| Self-loosening | 自松動 |
The process by which a supposedly tightened fastener becomes loose, as a result of vibration, thermal cycles, shock, or anything else which cause transverse slip between joint members and between male and female threads. Vibration loosening is a common, but special, case of self-loosening. 由于振動、熱循環、沖擊或任何其他導致接頭構件之間以及陽螺紋和陰螺紋之間橫向滑動的原因，緊固件松動的過程。振動松動是自松動的一種常見但特殊的情況。 |
| Taper | 變尖 |
A gradual, often linear, reduction in cross section or shape. A shaft or hole that gets gradually smaller toward one end. 橫截面或形狀的逐漸減小，通常是線性的。一端逐漸變小的軸或孔。 |
| Flange bolt | 法蘭螺栓 |
A bolt with a built in washer-like flange just below the head. 在頭部下方帶有內置墊圈狀法蘭的螺栓。 |
| Carbonitriding | 碳氮共滲 |
A case hardening process in which a suitable ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation temperature in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition as to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The process is completed by cooling at a rate that produces the desired properties in the workpiece. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，將合適的含鐵材料在氣體氣氛中加熱到較低的轉變溫度以上，使其表面同時吸收碳和氮，并通過擴散形成濃度梯度。該工藝通過以在工件中產生所需性能的速率冷卻來完成。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 鐵素體化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 給予鑄態灰鐵或球墨鑄鐵以產生基本鐵素體基體的處理。為了使該術語有意義，必須指定所需的最終微觀結構或使用的時間-溫度循環。 |
| Hardness test | 硬度測試 |
1. Any of various tests in which different hard indenters are forced into the surface of a solid under different loads to give permanent impressions, the pressure to cause which being called the hardness. The Brinell test employs a spherical indenter; the Vickers test a square-based pyramid. The relation between indentation hardness H and uniaxial yield stress Y is approximately H = (2.5 ~ 3.0)Y. Originally hardnesses were given in kg/mm2 but now are often given in Pa. 2. The tests for scratch and file hardness relate either to one material being able to mark another (Mohs hardness scale for minerals), or to the size of groove produced by a rigid indenter slid under load across a surface. 3. Rebound hardness concerns the height of rebound of a dropped indenter, or an indenter at the end of a pivoted arm, having struck a surface. 1.任何一種試驗，其中不同的硬壓頭在不同載荷下壓入固體表面，以產生永久壓痕，所產生的壓力稱為硬度。布氏試驗采用球形壓頭；維氏硬度測試是一個方形金字塔。壓痕硬度H與單軸屈服應力Y之間的關系約為H=（2.5~3.0）Y。最初硬度以kg/mm2為單位，但現在通常在Pa.2中給出。劃痕和銼刀硬度測試要么與一種材料能夠標記另一種材料（礦物的莫氏硬度標度）有關，要么與剛性壓頭在表面上滑動產生的凹槽大小有關。3.回彈硬度涉及掉落壓頭或旋轉臂端部壓頭撞擊表面后的回彈高度。 |
| Surface tension (σ, γ) (Unit N/m) | 表面張力（σ，γ）（單位：N/m） |
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the liquid molecules at the interface lead to the property surface tension which causes tensile forces to develop as if it were a skin or membrane. 液體和氣體或兩種不混溶液體之間的界面處，作用在界面處的液體分子上的不平衡內聚力導致表面張力的性質，從而導致張力的發展，就像皮膚或薄膜一樣。 |
| Toothed belt | 齒帶 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一種扁平皮帶，通常由增強橡膠材料制成，帶有橫向齒，與車輪或皮帶輪上的齒嚙合。 |
| Micrometer | 千分尺 |
(micrometer gauge) A mechanical-contact device for the accurate measurement of the length, width, diameter, etc. of an object, the depth of a hole, the height of a step, etc. The usual arrangement is a spindle that is moved by rotation of a thimble, the distance then being read off a vernier scale. （千分尺）一種機械接觸裝置，用于精確測量物體的長度、寬度、直徑等、孔的深度、臺階的高度等。通常的布置是通過頂針的旋轉移動主軸，然后通過游標尺讀取距離。 |
| Percent error | 誤差百分比 |
For testing machines, the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the error to the correct value of the applied load. 對于試驗機，以百分比表示的誤差與所施加載荷的正確值之比。 |
| Stress cycles endured (N) | 承受的應力循環（N） |
The number of cycles of a specified character (that produce fluctuating stress and strain) that a specimen has endured at any time in its stress history. 試樣在其應力歷史中任何時間所經受的特定特征（產生波動應力和應變）的循環次數。 |
| Base metal hardness | 母材硬度 |
Hardness closest to the surface (when traversing from core to outside diameter) just before an increase or decrease occurs, denoting, respectively, carburization or decarburization. 在發生增加或減少之前最接近表面的硬度（從芯部到外徑時），分別表示滲碳或脫碳。 |
| Ductility | 延展性 |
The ability of a material to deform plastically before fracturing. Measured by elongation or reduction in area in a tensile test, by height of cupping in a cupping test, or by the radius or angle of bend in a bend test. 材料在斷裂前發生塑性變形的能力。通過拉伸試驗中的伸長率或面積減少量、杯突試驗中的杯突高度或彎曲試驗中的彎曲半徑或角度來測量。 |
| Fretting corrosion | 微動腐蝕 |
(1) The accelerated deterioration at the interface between contacting surfaces as the result of corrosion and slight oscillatory movement between the two surfaces. (2) A form of fretting in which chemical reaction predominates. Fretting corrosion is often characterized by the removal of particles and subsequent formation of oxides, which are often abrasive and so increase the wear. Fretting corrosion can involve other chemical reaction products, which may not be abrasive. （1）由于兩個表面之間的腐蝕和輕微振蕩運動，接觸表面之間的界面加速劣化。（2）一種以化學反應為主的微動磨損形式。微動腐蝕通常以顆粒的去除和隨后形成的氧化物為特征，這些氧化物通常具有研磨性，因此會增加磨損。微動腐蝕可能涉及其他化學反應產物，這些化學反應產物可能不是磨料。 |
| Binary vapour cycle | 二元蒸氣循環 |
A power cycle which combines a steam cycle at relatively low temperature (the bottoming cycle) with a higher temperature cycle (the topping cycle) in which a working fluid such as mercury, sodium or potassium is used. 一種動力循環，它將相對低溫的蒸汽循環（底部循環）與高溫循環（頂部循環）相結合，其中使用了諸如汞、鈉或鉀之類的工作流體。 |
| Alloy | 合金 |
1. A metallic material composed of two or more elements, one of which is usually a metal to which the other elements are added, e.g. iron-carbon or aluminium-copper (binary alloy); nickel-chromium-iron (ternary alloy). 2. A plastic produced as a blend of two or more immiscible polymers. This results in material that cannot be achieved by polymerization. 1.由兩種或多種元素組成的金屬材料，其中一種通常是添加了其他元素的金屬，例如鐵碳或鋁銅（二元合金）；鎳鉻鐵（三元合金）。2.由兩種或多種不混溶聚合物混合而成的塑料。這導致無法通過聚合獲得的材料。 |
| Cavitation-resistance inducer | 抗氣蝕誘導劑 |
An axial-flow pump used upstream of a main pump in order to prevent cavitation in the latter by increasing the inlet head. 在主泵上游使用的軸流泵，通過增加進口壓頭防止主泵出現氣穴。 |
| Shrink fit | 過盈配合 |
A tight interference fit between two components resulting from heating an outer part and/or cooling an inner part to allow easy assembly. The outer component contracts on cooling, while the inner part expands on warming to ambient temperature, thus gripping the two parts together. 由于加熱外部部件和/或冷卻內部部件而導致的兩個部件之間的緊密過盈配合，以便于組裝。外部部件在冷卻時收縮，而內部部件在加熱到環境溫度時膨脹，從而將兩個部件夾在一起。 |
| Axial load (Unit N) | 軸向載荷（單位N） |
In general, a tensile or compressive load directed along the axis of a component. Strictly the load should pass through the centroid of the cross section to avoid inducing bending moments and be perpendicular to the plane of the section. 通常，沿部件的軸定向的拉伸或壓縮載荷。嚴格來說，載荷應通過橫截面的質心以避免產生彎矩并垂直于橫截面。 |
| Solution heat treatment | 固溶熱處理 |
Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold these constituents in solution. 將合金加熱到合適的溫度，在該溫度下保持足夠長的時間以使一種或多種成分進入固溶體，然后快速冷卻以將這些成分保持在溶液中。 |
| T-bolt | T型螺栓 |
A threaded bolt having a square or rectangular end which fits into the T slot of a machine table for clamping workpieces. 一種帶有方形或矩形端頭的螺栓，可嵌入機床工作臺的T形槽中，用于夾緊工件。 |
| Turbine blades (turbine buckets) | 渦輪葉片 |
1. The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor and stator of a gas, steam or hydraulic turbine. 2. The cup-shaped vanes of a Pelton wheel. 1.形成燃氣、蒸汽或水力渦輪機的轉子和定子的翼型葉片。2.沖擊輪的杯形葉片。 |
| Vapour–pressure curve | 蒸汽壓力曲線 |
For a pure substance, the curve of saturation pressure plotted vs saturation temperature. 對于純物質，繪制了飽和壓力與飽和溫度的曲線。 |
| Serrations | 鋸齒 |
A row of notches or tooth-like projections on an edge or surface. On an engineering drawing, serrations on the surface of a circular component are shown over about 60° of arc. 邊緣或表面上的一排凹口或齒狀突起。在工程圖紙上，圓形部件表面的鋸齒超過約60°的圓弧。 |
| Diagonal pitch (Unit m) | 對角線間距（單位米） |
The distance, when components in an assembly are staggered, between the position of a component in one row or column and the position of the corresponding component in the next row or column. The term is applied to rivets, turbine or compressor blades in a cascade, vortex generators on the surface of a wing, etc. 當部件中的零部件交錯時，一行或一列中零部件的位置與下一行或下一列中相應零部件的位置之間的距離。該術語適用于鉚釘、葉柵中的渦輪或壓縮機葉片、機翼表面的渦流發生器等。 |
| Compression ratio | 壓縮率 |
The volume of a combustion chamber with the piston at the top of its stroke as a proportion of the total volume of the cylinder with the piston at the bottom of its stroke. For a piston engine, if the swept volume is?SW?and the clearance volume is?CL, the compression ratio is given by (?SW?+?CL)/CL, i.e. it is a volume ratio rather than a pressure ratio. 活塞位于其沖程頂部的燃燒室的容積與活塞位于其沖程底部的氣缸總體積的比例。對于活塞發動機，如果掃氣量為SW，間隙容積為CL，則壓縮比由(SW+CL)/CL給出，即它是體積比而不是壓力比。 |
| Submerged-electrode furnace | 浸入式電極爐 |
A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. 一種通過使用浸入陶瓷襯里中的電極加熱熔融鹽浴對零件進行液體滲碳的爐。 |
| Preload adjustments | 預載調整 |
Preloads may be applied directly by axial loading or indirectly by turning of the nut or bolt. When preload is applied by turning of nuts or bolts, a torsion load component is added to the desired axial bolt load. 預載荷可通過軸向載荷直接施加，或通過轉動螺母或螺栓間接施加。當通過轉動螺母或螺栓施加預載荷時，扭轉載荷分量被添加到所需的軸向螺栓載荷中。 |
| U-bolt | U型螺栓 |
A rod threaded at both ends and bent into a U-shape. It is used for clamping. An externally threaded fastener bent in the shape of the letter U and with both ends threaded. 兩端有螺紋并彎曲成U形的桿。用于夾緊。一種外螺紋緊固件，彎曲成字母U的形狀，兩端帶有螺紋。 |
| Turbomachine | 渦輪機械 |
(rotodynamic machine) A machine in which there is a transfer of energy between a continuous stream of fluid and a component, called a rotor, rotating about a fixed axis. Fans and turbines (gas, hydraulic, steam, or wind) are turbomachines in which energy is transferred to the rotor, causing it to rotate. Pumps and compressors are turbomachines in which energy is transferred from the externally driven rotor to the fluid. （旋轉動力機器）在連續的流體流和繞固定軸旋轉的部件（稱為轉子）之間進行能量傳遞的機器。風扇和渦輪機（燃氣、液壓、蒸汽或風力）是渦輪機械，其中能量傳遞到轉子，使其旋轉。泵和壓縮機是渦輪機械，其中能量從外部驅動的轉子傳遞到流體。 |
| Transfer moulding | 轉移模塑 |
(resin-transfer moulding, RTM) A method of compression moulding polymers in which the dies are closed before the operation starts. （樹脂傳遞模塑，RTM）一種對聚合物進行壓縮模塑的方法，其中模具在操作開始前關閉。 |
| Slug wrench | 緩動扳手 |
A box wrench with an anvil on the end of the handle. Torque is produced by striking the anvil with a sledge hammer. 柄端有鐵砧的套筒扳手。扭矩是通過用大錘敲擊鐵砧產生的。 |
| Selective quenching | 局部淬火 |
Quenching only certain portions of an object. 僅淬火工件的某些部分。 |
| Vernier | 游標 |
A short auxiliary scale that slides along the main instrument scale to permit more accurate fractional reading of the least main division of the main scale. 一種短輔助刻度，沿主儀表刻度滑動，以便更準確地讀取主刻度的最小主刻度。 |
| Elastic energy | 彈性能 |
The amount of energy required to deform a material within its elastic range of behavior, neglecting small heat losses due to internal friction. The energy absorbed by a specimen per unit volume of material contained within the gage length being tested. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to a specified elastic strain. See also modulus of resilience and strain energy. 材料在其彈性行為范圍內變形所需的能量，忽略因內耗引起的小熱損失。試樣在被測標距內每單位體積材料吸收的能量。它是通過測量應力-應變曲線下達到規定彈性應變的面積來確定的。另見彈性模量和應變能。 |
| Wind velocity (Unit m/s) | 風速（單位：m/s） |
1. In the Earth’s atmosphere, a vector quantity that quantifies both the magnitude of the wind speed and its direction at a given altitude and location, conveniently represented in the hodograph plane. For convenience, the unit kph is often used. It could in principle also include information about large- and small-scale unsteadiness. Spatial variation in wind velocity, either with altitude or in a horizontal plane, is termed wind shear. 2. The airspeed in the working section of a wind tunnel. 1.在地球大氣層中，一種矢量量，用于量化給定高度和位置處的風速大小及其方向，方便地用速度計平面表示。為方便起見，通常使用單位kph。原則上，它還可以包括關于大尺度和小尺度不穩定性的信息。風速隨高度或水平面的空間變化稱為風切變。2.風洞工作段的空速。 |
| Stress area | 應力面積 |
The effective cross-sectional area of the threaded section of a fastener. Used to compute average stress levels in that section. Based on the mean of pitch and minor diameters. 緊固件螺紋部分的有效橫截面積。用于計算該截面中的平均應力水平?；诠澗嗪托≈睆降钠骄怠?/td> |
| Clevis | U形夾 |
A U-shaped hook with holes at the ends through which a retaining bolt or pin (clevis pin) passes. 一種U形鉤，末端有孔，固定螺栓或銷（U形銷）穿過這些孔。 |
| Load factor (F) | 負載系數（F） |
The ratio between an increase in bolt tension and the external load which has caused the increase. Factors reflecting the probability of an increase in load in a shear joint. Used in load and resistant factor design. 螺栓張力增加與導致增加的外部載荷之間的比率。反映剪切接縫中荷載增加概率的系數。用于載荷和阻力系數設計。 |
| Compression failure | 壓縮失敗 |
The reduction or removal of a component’s load-bearing capacity in compression, caused by buckling, fracture, crease formation in fibre composites, etc. 由纖維復合材料中的屈曲、斷裂、折痕形成等引起的部件在壓縮中的承載能力的降低或消除。 |
| Dimensioning | 尺寸標注 |
The specification on an engineering drawing of the size (e.g. length, radius, angle, or spacing) and the relative location (e.g. angular position) of each feature of a component. The numerical values often include the tolerances. There should be no more dimensions than are necessary to manufacture the component. 工程圖紙上對部件每個特征的尺寸（例如長度、半徑、角度或間距）和相對位置（例如角位置）的規范。數值通常包括公差。尺寸不應超過制造組件所需的尺寸。 |
| Pressure gauge | 壓力表 |
An instrument used to measure absolute or gauge pressure. The sensing element may be a tube which deflects when pressurized, as in a Bourdon gauge, a bellows as in an aneroid barometer, a piezoelectric crystal, a piezoresistive element, etc. 測量絕對壓力或表壓的儀器。傳感元件可以是加壓時會偏轉的管，如波登壓力表、無液氣壓計中的波紋管、壓電晶體、壓阻元件等。 |
| Drift pin | 沖頭 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于對齊鉚釘孔的圓形錐形鋼銷，以便鉚釘輕松穿過孔。 |
| Zero-gravity | 零重力 |
The situation in which there is no force of gravity (i.e. weightlessness). 沒有重力的情況（即失重）。 |
| Brine quenching | 鹽水淬火 |
A quench in which brine (salt water-chlorides, carbonates, and cyanides) is the quenching medium. The salt addition improves the efficiency of water at the vapor phase or hot stage of the quenching process. 一種淬火，其中鹽水（鹽水-氯化物、碳酸鹽和氰化物）是淬火介質。添加鹽提高了水在淬火過程的氣相或熱階段的效率。 |
| Single thread | 單頭螺紋 |
A screw thread cut around a cylinder having a single start in which the lead is equal to the pitch. 一種螺紋，在一個圓柱體上切割而成，具有一個單一的起點，在這個起點上，導程等于螺距。 |
| Acoustic power | 聲功率 |
(sound power) (Unit W) The rate of flow of acoustic energy across a specified surface. （聲功率）（單位W）聲能流過指定表面的速率。 |
| Barrier protection | 屏障保護 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide barrier protection if it merely isolates the fastener from the environment. Paint, for example, provides barrier protection. 如果僅將緊固件與環境隔離，則據說緊固件上的涂層可提供屏障保護。例如，油漆提供屏障保護。 |
| DTI | DTI |
Direct tension indicator. A fastener used primarily in the structural steel industry, designed to indicate that a certain minimum amount of tension has been developed in the fastener during assembly. 直接張力指示器。一種主要用于結構鋼行業的緊固件，旨在表明在裝配過程中緊固件中產生了一定的最小張力。 |
| Statistic | 統計 |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根據樣本中的觀察值計算得出的匯總值。 |
| Critical load (Unit N) | 臨界負荷（單位N） |
1. The applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. The applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.導致已知長度的現有裂紋擴展并因此導致部件或結構斷裂的施加荷載。2.導致具有給定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷載。 |
| Tolerances | 公差 |
A fractional allowance for variation from the specifications. In mass production, using automatic machines, parts are intended to be completely or partially interchangeable, and in batch production parts should ideally fit without the need for selection. In practice it is impossible for mass-produced parts to have exactly the same size, owing to tool wear, variations in raw materials, thermal effects, etc. In consequence, variations from exactness, termed tolerances, are assigned to what is permissible on the basic size. 與規范不同的部分公差。在大規模生產中，使用自動機器時，零件應完全或部分可互換，在批量生產中，零件應理想匹配，無需選擇。在實踐中，由于刀具磨損、原材料變化、熱效應等原因，批量生產的零件不可能具有完全相同的尺寸。因此，將精度偏差（稱為公差）指定給基本尺寸上允許的尺寸。 |
| Temper color | 回火顏色 |
A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. 一種薄的、緊密粘附的氧化皮，當鋼在低溫或短時間內在空氣或輕度氧化氣氛中回火時形成。顏色范圍從稻草色到藍色，取決于氧化皮的厚度，隨回火時間和溫度而變化。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化劑 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一種引起氧化從而自身被還原的化合物。 |
| Retaining clip | 固定夾 |
(R-clip, hair cotter pin) A wire clip roughly with the shape of the letter R. The straight part of the clip passes through a hole drilled into a shaft or rod such that a wheel is held in position on the shaft, or the shaft is prevented from moving axially. （R形夾，開口銷）大致與字母R形狀相同的線夾。線夾的直線部分穿過鉆在軸或桿上的孔，從而將車輪固定在軸上，或防止軸軸向移動。 |
| Friction loss (Unit J) | 摩擦損失（單位J） |
The conversion of mechanical energy to heat due to friction within a machine, mechanism, linkage, etc. 由于機器、機構、連桿等內部的摩擦而將機械能轉化為熱能。 |
| Combined stresses | 復合應力 |
The stress state at a point in a component subjected to combination of axial, bending, torsional loadings etc., acting along all reference axes. 沿所有參考軸作用的受軸向、彎曲、扭轉載荷等組合作用的部件中某點的應力狀態。 |
| Archimedes screw | 阿基米德螺旋泵 |
A machine which comprises a rotating helical blade inside a closefitting tube, which may be used to pump liquids, slurries (such as sewage), granular materials, etc. If water flows into the top of an inclined or vertical Archimedes screw, the screw will rotate and can be used to drive an electrical generator. 一種機器，它在緊密的管子內包含一個旋轉的螺旋葉片，可用于泵送液體、泥漿（如污水）、顆粒材料等。如果水流入傾斜或垂直的阿基米德螺桿的頂部，螺桿將旋轉，可用于驅動發電機。 |
| Waist | 腰部 |
The joint in a robot corresponding to the human waist, i.e. providing rotation about a vertical axis. In an articulated robot, the first joint mounted at the base frame. 機器人中的關節對應于人的腰部，即提供繞垂直軸的旋轉。在關節式機器人中，第一個關節安裝在基架上。 |
| Wrought iron | 鍛鐵 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一種高韌性（但各向異性）的鐵，含有細長的礦渣纖維，由生鐵中多余的碳燃燒和加工的制造方法產生。屈服強度約為200MPa，抗拉強度為320MPa，50mm標距上的面積縮減率高達35%?，F在被鋼所取代。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可鍛鑄鐵 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口鑄鐵一種通過長時間退火制成的鑄鐵，脫碳，石墨化，或兩者都發生，以消除部分或全部滲碳體。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脫碳是主要反應，產品將呈現出較輕的斷裂表面，“白心可鍛”。否則，斷裂表面將變暗，“黑心可鍛”。鐵素體可鍛性材料主要為鐵素體基體；根據熱處理和所需硬度，珠光體可鍛材料可能包含珠光體、球狀體或回火馬氏體。 |
| Single-shear test | 單剪試驗 |
?(1) A shear test similar to the double-shear test used for round-bar specimens, but that uses only one stationary shear blade. (2) A shear test that uses a sheet or thin-plate specimen. （1）一種剪切試驗，類似于用于圓棒試樣的雙剪切試驗，但僅使用一個固定剪切刀片。（2）使用薄板或薄板試樣的剪切試驗。 |
| Push rod | 推桿 |
A rod which opens and closes a valve via a valve rocker in an overhead-valve piston engine. The rod is actuated by a camshaft located in the crankcase. 在頂置氣門活塞發動機中，通過氣門搖臂打開和關閉氣門的桿。連桿由曲軸箱中的凸輪軸驅動。 |
| Two-phase flow | 兩相流 |
A flow in which two phases are present, for example gas bubbles in a liquid, liquid bubbles in another liquid with which it is immiscible, solid particles in a liquid or gas. 兩相流動，例如液體中的氣泡、與之不混溶的另一種液體中的液體氣泡、液體或氣體中的固體顆粒。 |
| Martempering | 淬火 |
(1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous workpiece is quenched into an appropriate medium whose temperature is maintained substantially at the Ms?of the workpiece, held in the medium until its temperature is uniform throughout–but not long enough to permit bainite to form–and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the controlling Ms?temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process is frequently called marquenching. （1）一種淬火工藝，將奧氏體化鐵質工件淬火到適當的介質中，該介質的溫度基本保持在工件的Ms，保持在該介質中直到其溫度在整個過程中均勻，但不足以形成貝氏體，然后在空氣中冷卻。處理后經常進行回火。（2） 當該工藝應用于滲碳材料時，控制Ms溫度與實際情況相同。這個過程的變化經常被稱為淬火。 |
| Collapse load (Unit N) | 毀壞荷載（單位N） |
The applied load at which a structure becomes a mechanism owing to the formation of sufficient plastic hinges for collapse to occur. 由于形成足夠的塑性鉸鏈以發生坍塌，結構成為機制的施加載荷。 |
| Size dimension (Unit m) | 尺寸范圍（單位：米） |
The specified value of a diameter, length, width, etc. of a feature required to specify the finished form of a component or assembly. 指定部件或組件的成品形狀所需的特征的直徑、長度、寬度等的指定值。 |
| Ventilation | 通風系統 |
A system for circulating fresh air in a room, building, passenger vehicle, orother enclosed space. 在房間、建筑物、乘用車或其他封閉空間中循環新鮮空氣的系統。 |
| Bearing test | 軸承測試 |
A method of determining the response to stress (load) of metal products that are subjected to riveting, bolting, or a similar fastening procedure. The purpose of the test is to determine the bearing strength of the material and to measure the bearing stress versus the deformation of the hole created by a pin or rod of circular cross section that pierces the sheet perpendicular to the surface. 一種確定經受鉚接、螺栓連接或類似緊固程序的金屬產品對應力（載荷）的響應的方法。測試的目的是確定材料的承載強度，并測量承載應力與由垂直于表面刺穿板材的圓形橫截面的銷或桿產生的孔的變形。 |
| Lock nut | 鎖緊螺母 |
A type of nut that is prevented from loosening under vibration. The locking action is accomplished by squeezing, gripping or jamming against the bolt threads. A nut which provides extra resistance to vibration loosening (beyond that produced by proper Preload ), either by providing some form of Prevailing torque, or, in free-spinning lock nuts, by deforming, cramping, or biting into mating parts when fully tightened. 1. A thin auxiliary nut tightened against another nut to prevent loosening. 2. A single nut with special features that prevent loosening. 一種在振動下防止松動的螺母。鎖定動作通過擠壓、夾緊或卡住螺栓螺紋來完成。通過提供某種形式的主要扭矩，或在自由旋轉鎖緊螺母中，通過完全擰緊時變形、夾緊或咬入配合零件，提供額外的抗振動松動能力（超出適當預載產生的能力）。1.一個薄的輔助螺母，擰緊到另一個螺母上以防止松動。2.具有防止松動的特殊功能的單個螺母。 |
| Sound pressure (Unit μPa) | 聲壓（單位：μPa） |
The instantaneous deviation of pressure from the ambient pressure caused by the passage of a sound wave, which can be measured by a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water. 聲波傳播引起的壓力與環境壓力的瞬時偏差，可通過空氣中的麥克風和水中的水聽器測量。 |
| Rated flow (Unit m3/s or kg/s) | 額定流量（單位：m3/s或kg/s） |
In a hydraulic system or machine, the volume or mass flow rate a manufacturer specifies for a component as the maximum desirable for it to function as designed. 在液壓系統或機器中，制造商為部件指定的體積或質量流量是其按設計運行所需的最大值。 |
| Compressor | 壓縮機 |
A turbomachine, of either axial or radial type, that increases the pressure of a gas or vapour. 一種增加氣體或蒸汽壓力的軸向或徑向渦輪機。 |
| Angularity | 角度 |
The underfaces of the nut and the bolt head should be exactly perpendicular to the thread or shank axes. If the angle between the face and the axis is, for example, 868 or 948, the fastener is said to have an angularity of 48 (sometimes called Perpendicularity). 螺母和螺栓頭的底面應與螺紋或柄軸完全垂直。例如，如果面和軸之間的角度為868或948，則稱緊固件的角度為48（有時稱為垂直度）。 |
| Bánki turbine | 班基渦輪機 |
A cross-flow, impulse-type water turbine for very low heads in which a jet of water in the form of a flat sheet passes transversely through the turbine, so going through the runner twice. The thin runner blades which run horizontally across the turbine parallel to the axis of rotation are profiled in cross section. 一種用于非常低水頭的橫流脈沖式水輪機，其中平板形式的水射流橫向穿過渦輪機，因此穿過轉輪兩次。平行于旋轉軸水平穿過渦輪機的薄轉輪葉片在橫截面上具有輪廓。 |
| Spring | 彈簧 |
An elastic component which stores mechanical energy and exerts a force when deformed. The slope of the curve of applied force F to the deflexion of a spring x, dF/dx, is termed the spring rate or spring modulus k with unit N/m. For a linear spring, the F(x) curve is proportional and k is called the spring constant. An elastic device which yields under stress or pressure but returns to its original state or position when the stress or pressure is removed. 儲存機械能并在變形時施加力的彈性部件。作用力F與彈簧x偏轉的曲線斜率dF/dx稱為彈簧率或彈簧模量k，單位為N/m。對于線性彈簧，F（x）曲線成比例，k稱為彈簧常數。一種彈性裝置，在應力或壓力下屈服，但在應力和壓力消除后恢復到其原始狀態或位置。 |
| Shock load | 沖擊載荷 |
The sudden application of an external force that results in a very rapid build-up of stress. 突然施加外力，導致應力迅速增加。 |
| Stroke | 一擊 |
1. (stroke length) (Unit m) The linear distance between top dead centre and bottom dead centre of a piston in a reciprocating engine or mechanism. 2. The movement of a piston or plunger in a reciprocating machine to execute a particular function; for example, the exhaust stroke of an engine in which the exhaust gases are expelled from a cylinder. 1.（沖程長度）（單位：m）往復式發動機或機構中活塞上止點和下止點之間的線性距離。2.活塞或柱塞在往復式機器中執行特定功能的運動；例如發動機的排氣沖程，其中排氣從氣缸中排出。 |
| Length of engagement | 嚙合長度 |
It is the axial measurement within which the external and internal threads have theoretical contact. 它是外螺紋和內螺紋具有理論接觸的軸向測量。 |
| Elbow | 肘部 |
1. A fitting that connects the ends of two pipes at an angle, 45°, 90°, and 180° being the most common. 2. The third joint on an articulated robot corresponding to the human elbow. 1.以45°、90°和180°角連接兩個管道端部的配件。2.示例關節機器人上的第三關節對應于人的肘部。 |
| Stainless steels | 不銹鋼 |
Iron-base alloys that are highly resistant to corrosion in many environments. The predominant alloying element is chromium, which, like iron at room temperature, has BCC crystal structure. Corrosion resistance by passivation is achieved by the formation of chromium oxide on the steel surface. Nickel, which has FCC crystal structure, is another important addition for some steels. Other additions used to enhance properties include manganese, molybdenum, niobium, and titanium. There are several classes of stainless steel. 在許多環境中具有高度耐腐蝕性的鐵基合金。主要的合金元素是鉻，與室溫下的鐵一樣，鉻具有BCC晶體結構。鈍化抗腐蝕性是通過在鋼表面形成氧化鉻來實現的。具有FCC晶體結構的鎳是某些鋼的另一種重要添加劑。其他用于增強性能的添加劑包括錳、鉬、鈮和鈦。不銹鋼的種類有好幾種。 |
| Anti-freeze | 防凍液 |
A substance such as ethylene glycol added to the cooling system of a watercooled engine to lower the freezing point of the cooling water and also inhibit the formation of rust and other deposits. 一種物質，如乙二醇，添加到水冷發動機的冷卻系統中，以降低冷卻水的冰點，并抑制生銹和其他沉積物的形成。 |
| Condensation shock | 冷凝沖擊 |
For supersonic flow of a moist gas through a divergent nozzle, condensation occurs in the form of spontaneous nucleation at some point downstream of that at which the temperature falls to the saturation temperature. The condensation process proceeds rapidly, and results in a fairly thick discontinuity termed a condensation shock. 對于通過發散噴嘴的濕氣體超音速流動，在溫度降至飽和溫度的點下游的某個點處，冷凝以自發成核的形式發生。凝結過程進行得很快，導致相當厚的不連續性，稱為凝結激波。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一個通用術語，表示一種處理，包括加熱并保持在合適的溫度，然后以合適的速率冷卻，主要用于軟化金屬材料，但也同時產生其他性能或微觀結構的所需變化。 |
| Full size body | 全尺寸螺紋桿 |
The body of a bolt or screw which has a diameter between the minimum and maximum limits of the major diameter of the thread. 螺栓或螺釘的主體，其直徑介于螺紋大徑的最小和最大限制之間。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 熱電動勢 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 當一個結處于不同于另一個結的溫度時，在含有兩種不同金屬的電路中產生的電動勢。 |
| Testing machine | 試驗機 |
A machine used to apply either a steady or oscillatory or impact load to a testpiece. The load may be tensile, compressive, shear, bending, or torsional. 用于向試件施加穩定或振蕩或沖擊載荷的機器。載荷可以是拉伸的、壓縮的、剪切的、彎曲的或扭轉的。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 鏈條尺寸標注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程圖紙上，其中一個尺寸的終點是下一個的起點。平行尺寸標注是首選，因為鏈尺寸標注可能導致公差累積。 |
| Permanent set | 永久變形 |
The deformation or strain remaining in a previously stressed body after release of load. 釋放荷載后，先前受力物體中剩余的變形或應變。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 熱疲勞 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于溫度梯度的存在而產生的疲勞，溫度梯度隨時間變化，從而在結構中產生循環應力。 |
| Pitting | 點蝕 |
In tribology, a type of wear characterized by the presence of small, sharp surface cavities formed by processes such as fatigue, local adhesion, wear, corrosion, or cavitation. 在摩擦學中的一種磨損，其特征是存在由疲勞、局部粘附、磨損、腐蝕或空穴等過程形成的小而尖銳的表面空穴。 |
| Fatigue life for p % survival | p%存活率的疲勞壽命 |
An estimate of the fatigue life that p% of the population would attain or exceed at a given stress level. The observed value of the median fatigue life estimates the fatigue life for 50% survival. Fatigue life for p% survival values, where p is any number, such as 95, 90, etc., may also be estimated from the individual fatigue life values. p%存活在給定應力水平下達到或超過的疲勞壽命估計值。中值疲勞壽命的觀察值估計了50%存活率的疲勞壽命。p%存活值的疲勞壽命，其中p為任何數字，如95、90等，也可根據單個疲勞壽命值進行估算。 |
| Vacuum pump | 真空泵 |
A pump for exhausting air and non-condensable gases from a vessel to be maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure. The pirani and thermal-conductivity gauges are vacuum gauges used to measure the absolute pressure within a vacuum system (vacuum level), usually expressed in torr or Pa. 用于從容器中排出空氣和不凝性氣體以保持在亞大氣壓的泵。皮拉尼和熱導率計是用于測量真空系統內絕對壓力（真空水平）的真空計，通常用托或帕表示。 |
| Supercooling | 過冷 |
Cooling below the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation can take place, without actually obtaining the transformation. 在沒有實際獲得相變的情況下，冷卻到可以發生平衡相變的溫度以下。 |
| Torque motor | 力矩電機 |
A type of induction motor that can apply a steady torque even when prevented from rotating. 一種感應電動機，即使被阻止旋轉也能施加穩定的轉矩。 |
| Stress relaxation | 應力松弛 |
The slow decrease in stress level within a part (e.g., a bolt) which is heavily loaded under constant deflection conditions. A ‘‘cousin’’ to creep, which is a slow change in geometry under constant stress conditions. The time-dependent decrease in stress in a solid under constant strain at constant temperature due to creep. The stress-relaxation behavior of a metal is usually shown in a stress-relaxation curve. 在恒定撓曲條件下，零件（如螺栓）內的應力水平緩慢降低，該零件承受重荷載。蠕變的“表親”，是在恒定應力條件下幾何結構的緩慢變化。在恒定溫度下，由于蠕變，固體在恒定應變下的應力隨時間變化的減小。金屬的應力松弛行為通常顯示在應力松弛曲線中。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蝕磨損 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 與環境發生顯著化學或電化學反應的磨損。 |
| Torsional angle (?) | 扭轉角（ψ） |
(Unit ° or rad) The angular deflexion between two locations on a straight bar subjected to a torque. （單位為°或rad）受扭矩作用的直桿上兩個位置之間的角偏轉。 |
| Torricellean barometer | 托里塞萊氣壓計 |
A vertical glass tube with its upper end sealed and the lower end submerged in a pool of mercury. The space above the mercury is under vacuum. The height to which the mercury rises up the tube is a measure of the barometric pressure. 一種垂直的玻璃管，上端密封，下端浸入汞池中。水銀上方的空間處于真空狀態。水銀在管道中上升的高度是大氣壓力的量度。 |
| Fahrenheit | 華氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (32oF) and the boiling point of water (212oF). The interval between these points is divided into 180 equal parts. Although replaced by the Celsius scale, the Fahrenheit scale is still sometimes used for non-scientific measurements. 溫標基于水的冰點（32oF）和水的沸點（212oF）。這些點之間的間隔被分成180等份。盡管被攝氏刻度所取代，華氏刻度有時仍用于非科學測量。 |
| Intermediate annealing | 中間退火 |
Annealing wrought metals at one or more stages during manufacture and before final treatment. 在制造過程中和最終處理之前的一個或多個階段對鍛造金屬進行退火。 |
| Cooling curve | 冷卻曲線 |
A curve showing the relation between time and temperature during the cooling of a material. 顯示材料冷卻過程中時間和溫度之間關系的曲線。 |
| Cold treatment | 冷處理 |
Treatment carried out after quenching to transform retained austenite into martensite, involving cooling and holding at a temperature below ambient. 淬火后進行的處理，以將殘余奧氏體轉變為馬氏體，包括冷卻和保持在低于環境溫度的溫度。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 應力集中系數（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt?equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加應力的倍增系數，允許存在結構不連續性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不連續區域的最大應力與整個截面的標稱應力之比。也稱為理論應力集中系數。 |
| Degradation failure | 退化失效 |
Failure of a system, component, or structure owing to material degradation. 由于材料退化導致的系統、組件或結構失效。 |
| Strain rate | 應變率 |
The time rate of straining for the usual tensile test. Strain as measured directly on the specimen gage length is used for determining strain rate. Because strain is dimensionless, the units of strain rate are reciprocal time. 通常拉伸試驗的應變時間速率。直接在試樣標距上測量的應變用于確定應變率。因為應變是無因次的，所以應變率的單位是倒數時間。 |
| Clearance volume | 余隙容積 |
(Unit m3) The ‘dead’ volume above a piston, including the recess in the cylinder head, in a reciprocating compressor or engine when the piston is at top dead centre. （單位m3）活塞位于上止點時活塞上方的“死區”體積，包括氣缸蓋中的凹槽，在往復式壓縮機或發動機中。 |
| Slip | 滑落 |
Plastic deformation by the irreversible shear displacement (translation)of one part of a crystal relative to another in a definite crystallographic direction and usually on a specific crystallographic plane. Sometimes called glide. 晶體的一部分在一定的晶體學方向上相對于另一部分的不可逆剪切位移（平移）引起的塑性變形，通常在特定的晶體主義平面上。有時被稱為滑翔。 |
| Achme thread | Achme螺紋 |
A screw thread having an included angle of 29° and largely used for feed screws on machine tools. 一種夾角為29°的螺紋，主要用于機床上的進給絲杠。 |
| Neutralization number | 中和值 |
An ASTM number given to quenching oils that reflects the oil’s tendency towards oxidation and sludging. 淬火油的ASTM編號，反映了油的氧化和成泥趨勢。 |
| Waste heat | 廢熱 |
1. Heat generated by internal-combustion engines, gas turbines, electrical generators, electrical equipment, and industrial processes that is not used directly but is expelled to the environment, often in hot flue or exhaust gases. 2. Heat generated from waste 1.內燃機、燃氣輪機、發電機、電氣設備和工業過程產生的熱量，這些熱量不是直接使用的，而是通過熱煙氣或廢氣排放到環境中。2.廢物產生的熱量 |
| Precipitation hardening | 沉淀硬化 |
Hardening caused by the precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution. 因成分從過飽和固溶體沉淀而導致的硬化。 |
| Thermodynamic state | 熱力學狀態 |
The condition of a system or working fluid according to its properties. 系統或工作流體根據其性質的狀態。 |
| Crushing strain | 壓應變 |
The supposed single strain that results in comminution of a brittle material. The corresponding stress is termed the crushing strength. Neither quantity can be a material constant as they must obey the laws of fracture mechanics and will depend on the type of testpiece, method of loading etc. 導致脆性材料粉碎的假定單應變。相應的應力稱為抗壓強度。這兩個量都不能是材料常數，因為它們必須遵守斷裂力學定律，并取決于試件類型、加載方法等。 |
| True strain | 真應變 |
?(1) The ratio of the change in dimension, resulting from a given load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension immediately prior to applying the load increment. (2) In a body subjected to axial force, the natural logarithm of the ratio of the gage length at the moment of observation to the original gage length. Also known as natural strain. Compare with engineering strain. （1）給定載荷增量導致的尺寸變化與施加載荷增量之前尺寸大小的比率。（2）在承受軸向力的物體中，觀察時刻標距與原始標距之比的自然對數。也稱為自然應變。與工程應變相比。 |
| Coupling | 耦合 |
A detachable mechanism forming a joint. A connector of two components of a joint. 1. Any mechanical fastening connecting two or more shafts, or parts of a mechanism, in order to transmit power. 2. A device for connecting two vehicles. 一種形成關節的可拆卸機構。關節的兩個組件的連接器。1.連接兩個或多個軸或機構部件的任何機械緊固件，以傳遞動力。2.連接兩輛車的裝置。 |
| Yield-point elongation | 屈服點延伸 |
During discontinuous yielding, the amount of strain measured from the onset of yielding to the beginning of strain hardening. 在不連續屈服期間，從屈服開始到應變硬化開始測量的應變量。 |
| Piston pump | 活塞泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in the basic configuration of which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder. On the suction stroke, fluid is drawn into a chamber through the inlet valve, which is then open while the outlet valve is closed. On the delivery stroke the fluid is forced out of the chamber through the outlet valve, which then opens while the inlet valve is closed. Both axial and radial configurations are common. 活塞在氣缸中往復運動的一種容積泵。在吸入沖程，流體通過入口閥吸入腔室，然后在出口閥關閉時打開。在輸送沖程中，流體通過出口閥被迫流出腔室，然后出口閥打開，同時入口閥關閉。軸向和徑向配置都很常見。 |
| Compression | 壓縮 |
1. Loading, the principal effect of which is to squeeze and shorten a component or testpiece. 2. The reduction in volume and increase in density of a substance as a consequence of increased pressure. 1.加載，其主要作用是擠壓和縮短部件或試件。2.壓力增加導致物質體積減少和密度增加。 |
| Band clutch | 帶式離合器 |
A friction clutch in which drive is achieved by a band contracting on to the rim of the clutch. 一種摩擦離合器，其驅動是通過一條帶在離合器邊緣上收縮來實現的。 |
| Millimetre of water | 毫米水柱 |
A non-SI unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of water 1 mm high. Approximately equal to 9.81 Pa. 一種非SI壓力單位，等于1毫米高的垂直水柱施加的壓力。大約等于9.81Pa。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 離心力（單位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 慣性反作用力對向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Actuating system | 驅動系統 |
A system in which an electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic input supplied to an actuator produces force, torque, or displacement, usually in a controlled way. 一種系統，其中提供給執行器的電氣、氣動或液壓輸入通常以受控方式產生力、扭矩或位移。 |
| Degradation | 降解 |
The reduction with time of the physical properties of a material. 材料的物理性質隨時間的減少。 |
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